What did billions in aid to Afghanistan accomplish? 5 questions answered
- Written by Mohammad Qadam Shah, Assistant Professor of Global Development, Seattle Pacific University
The government of Afghanistan and that country’s economy relied heavily on foreign aid until the U.S. withdrawal. That support is on hold, although the United States and its allies have begun to take steps toward resuming some humanitarian assistance[1]. Here, Mohammad Qadam Shah, an assistant professor of global development at Seattle Pacific University who conducted in-depth research regarding Afghanistan’s aid administration, answers five questions about the past, present and future of aid to his native country.
1. What did foreign economic aid accomplish in Afghanistan?
Some US$150 billion in nonmilitary U.S. aid[2] flowed into Afghanistan from 2001 to 2020, plus billions more from its allies and international organizations[3].
For those two decades, Afghanistan’s economic development aid largely funded education, health care, governance reforms and infrastructure – including schools, hospitals, roads, dams and other major construction projects.
One notable result in terms of education was that far more students were enrolled in school[4]. The number of students jumped from 900,000 in 2001 to more than 9.5 million in 2020. Foreign aid helped build[5] about 20,000 elementary schools, and the number of universities grew sharply as well. The number of Afghans enrolled in higher education programs soared from 7,000 in 2001 to about 200,000 in 2019. There were no female college students in 2001, but there were 54,861 in 2019[6].
The share of girls among all students reached 39% in 2020[7], versus only an estimated 5,000 in 2001[8].
Likewise, aid increased access to health care[9] for most of the population. Life expectancy rose[10] over the two decades by about a decade, to 64.8 years in 2019, according to the World Bank.
Afghanistan also made progress in terms of governance reform, with the adoption of a new constitution in 2004[11] that established a framework for liberal democratic governance and protecting human rights. It held four presidential and provincial council elections and three parliamentary elections[12].
The country also adopted hundreds of new laws and regulations[13] regarding education, health, insurance, budgeting, mining, women rights and land titling.
International aid helped construct and pave thousands of miles of roads and streets[14], either rehabilitated or built from scratch.
Other infrastructure[15] projects included hydroelectric dams[16] and solar power plants[17] to generate electricity, bridges and irrigation and drinking water projects.
2. What were the drawbacks?
International development experts[18] do not dispute that aid can make a positive difference. What they criticize is that this assistance, even in vast amounts, doesn’t necessarily solve a country’s problems. That is the case in Afghanistan.
Based on what I’ve seen firsthand in my research[19], the problem in Afghanistan was not the amount of aid, but its mismanagement.
The highly centralized governance system Afghanistan adopted in 2001 gave its president unconstrained political, fiscal and administrative power, without any way for the legislature or the public to hold the executive branch of government accountable[20]. To a degree, the government was accountable to foreign donors, but this lack of checks and balances contributed to systemic corruption[21].
A centralized public finance management system gave Afghanistan’s president complete control and discretion over planning, budgeting and taxation. He could also tactically allocate government spending[22] to curry favor with elites, interest groups and voters.
Afghanistan’s $20 billion economy[23] was heavily dependent on foreign aid[24], but its centralized governance system was prone to mismanaging it[25].
For instance, the president had exclusive and unconstrained access[26] to a large share of government funds.
I believe the only way to have fixed this problem, before the Taliban took over again, was to defund the country[27] and reform the aid management system in a way that the people had the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. And I would expect to see a centralized, exclusive aid management system under the Taliban to replicate the same flaws and challenges seen in Afghanistan over the past two decades.
3. What’s standing in the way of aid delivery?
Economic assistance [28] can support long-term economic development or help meet more immediate humanitarian objectives – such as providing food and shelter after disasters, or any help intended to save immediately imperiled lives.
As long as the Taliban remain in control, the only aid likely to flow from the U.S. and most of its allies will surely be the humanitarian kind[29]. Even that money, however, will likely be contingent upon whether Afghanistan’s new authorities respect human rights[30], form an inclusive government and prevent Afghanistan’s territory from being used for terrorist purposes.
But the Taliban are mostly running Afghanistan[31] like they did in the 1990s – with an iron fist[32].
The Taliban’s interim cabinet[33] includes no women or members of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. And there are reports that the Taliban are already forcibly displacing people in Hazara communities[34] and not letting girls go to school[35].
4. What’s happening to Afghanistan’s aid?
The U.S. military and diplomatic withdrawal[36] precipitated the collapse of the Afghan government and the Taliban’s takeover[37], disrupting aid delivery. Thousands of foreign aid workers[38] and their Afghan former colleagues have left the country.
The few exceptions include a handful of humanitarian aid programs: the Norwegian Refugee Council[39], the Red Cross[40], Doctors witout Borders[41] and the World Food Program[42] are all still operating in Afghanistan[43].
In August 2021, the U.S. froze more than $9 billion[44] of Afghanistan’s assets. Nearly all sources of Afghanistan’s aid, including the European Union[45], the International Monetary Fund and other multilateral organizations, stopped disbursing assistance.
“The economic and development outlook is stark,” the World Bank observes[46].
On Sept. 13, 2021, the U.S. Agency for International Development said it would dispatch $64 million in new humanitarian aid to Afghanistan[47], channeling it through nonprofits and U.N. agencies. But it’s not clear[48], according to the Taliban, that this money is flowing yet.
In October 2021, the European Union pledged 1 billion euros, about $1.2 billion, in humanitarian aid and other forms of support[49].
In addition, Pakistan[50] and China are providing emergency aid[51], as have a few other countries, including Qatar[52].
China and Pakistan are teaming up with Russia, Iran and India, along with some former Soviet Central Asian countries, to advocate for the U.N. to recognize the Taliban[53] government, which could facilitate the flow of more aid.
5. What are some of the consequences?
The Taliban have not yet shown that they can actually govern Afghanistan.
Resistance groups are forming[55], and ISIS-K poses a significant threat[56] to their ability to keep control of the country.
Perhaps more important, the Taliban lack the money and expertise required[57] to satisfy the basic needs of the Afghan people.
[Over 115,000 readers rely on The Conversation’s newsletter to understand the world. Sign up today[58].]
Thousands of Afghan public servants are demanding their unpaid salaries[59]. Afghans who used to work for nongovernmental organizations have lost their jobs[60], as have many others[61].
An estimated 14 million Afghans[62] were already having trouble getting enough to eat before the disruption of aid. That situation is now growing more dire[63], according to UNICEF.
References
- ^ steps toward resuming some humanitarian assistance (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ US$150 billion in nonmilitary U.S. aid (www.sigar.mil)
- ^ international organizations (documents1.worldbank.org)
- ^ far more students were enrolled in school (www.usaid.gov)
- ^ Foreign aid helped build (www.downtoearth.org.in)
- ^ 54,861 in 2019 (www.eurasiareview.com)
- ^ 39% in 2020 (www.usaid.gov)
- ^ 5,000 in 2001 (thediplomat.com)
- ^ health care (www.emro.who.int)
- ^ Life expectancy rose (data.worldbank.org)
- ^ new constitution in 2004 (www.constituteproject.org)
- ^ three parliamentary elections (thediplomat.com)
- ^ hundreds of new laws and regulations (laws.moj.gov.af)
- ^ thousands of miles of roads and streets (www.csmonitor.com)
- ^ Other infrastructure (www.usaid.gov)
- ^ hydroelectric dams (www.orfonline.org)
- ^ solar power plants (www.scalingsolar.org)
- ^ International development experts (whyy.org)
- ^ what I’ve seen firsthand in my research (digital.lib.washington.edu)
- ^ executive branch of government accountable (www.discoursemagazine.com)
- ^ systemic corruption (www.imf.org)
- ^ tactically allocate government spending (doi.org)
- ^ $20 billion economy (data.worldbank.org)
- ^ heavily dependent on foreign aid (www.pbs.org)
- ^ prone to mismanaging it (www.pillsburylaw.com)
- ^ president had exclusive and unconstrained access (tolonews.com)
- ^ defund the country (www.discoursemagazine.com)
- ^ Economic assistance (theconversation.com)
- ^ humanitarian kind (web.archive.org)
- ^ respect human rights (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ running Afghanistan (www.rferl.org)
- ^ iron fist (www.cnn.com)
- ^ Taliban’s interim cabinet (www.interregional.com)
- ^ forcibly displacing people in Hazara communities (8am.af)
- ^ not letting girls go to school (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ U.S. military and diplomatic withdrawal (theconversation.com)
- ^ Taliban’s takeover (theconversation.com)
- ^ Thousands of foreign aid workers (www.aljazeera.com)
- ^ Norwegian Refugee Council (twitter.com)
- ^ Red Cross (www.redcross.org)
- ^ Doctors witout Borders (twitter.com)
- ^ World Food Program (www.wfp.org)
- ^ still operating in Afghanistan (thediplomat.com)
- ^ U.S. froze more than $9 billion (thediplomat.com)
- ^ European Union (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ World Bank observes (www.worldbank.org)
- ^ $64 million in new humanitarian aid to Afghanistan (www.usaid.gov)
- ^ not clear (www.npr.org)
- ^ $1.2 billion, in humanitarian aid and other forms of support (ec.europa.eu)
- ^ Pakistan (www.aljazeera.com)
- ^ China are providing emergency aid (www.bbc.com)
- ^ Qatar (www.aa.com.tr)
- ^ U.N. to recognize the Taliban (www.aljazeera.com)
- ^ Qatari Foreign Ministry/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images) (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ Resistance groups are forming (www.france24.com)
- ^ ISIS-K poses a significant threat (m.economictimes.com)
- ^ lack the money and expertise required (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ Sign up today (theconversation.com)
- ^ public servants are demanding their unpaid salaries (www.ndtv.com)
- ^ lost their jobs (www.npr.org)
- ^ many others (www.france24.com)
- ^ 14 million Afghans (www.wfpusa.org)
- ^ growing more dire (www.unicef.org)
Authors: Mohammad Qadam Shah, Assistant Professor of Global Development, Seattle Pacific University
