Authorities are yanking the legacy of slaveholder John C. Calhoun from public sphere, but his bigotry remains embedded in American society
- Written by Christian K. Anderson, Associate Professor, University of South Carolina
When I toured the South Carolina Governor’s Mansion[1] in 2019, I noticed the multi-volume papers of John C. Calhoun[2] on display. It struck me as remarkable that Calhoun’s ideas would be featured so prominently given his vigorous defense of slavery and his role in laying the groundwork for the Civil War.
But the reality is Calhoun’s legacy[3] until now has been quite prominent in American society – and not just in the South.
His statue stands between the two chambers of the House and Senate in the South Carolina Statehouse. However, a separate statue in Charleston has been removed[4] from the town square following nationwide protests sparked by the killing of George Floyd during an encounter with police. The statue had stood for 124 years just a block from Mother Emanuel Church[5], site of the horrific shooting massacre in 2015[6] of nine Black worshipers by an avowed white supremacist. The church is also located on Calhoun Street.
Despite his historic prominence, Calhoun’s days as a revered icon in the public sphere are gradually coming to an end.
Calhoun is all around us
Numerous cities and counties, streets and roads, schools and other public places are named for Calhoun, a slaveholder[7] who served as secretary of state[8], secretary of war[9], a U.S. senator[10], and two terms as vice president[11].
For instance, the Calhoun State Office Building[12] sits in the capitol complex in Columbia, South Carolina’s state capital city.
There are counties named for him in his home state[13], as well as Alabama[14], Arkansas[15], Georgia[16] and elsewhere in the South. There is even a Calhoun County in Michigan[17] named for him.
Major streets in Columbia and Charleston, still bear his name.
Colleges and universities
Despite his prominence elsewhere, Calhoun is about to become less prominent on the landscape of American higher education.
The board of trustees at Clemson University, a public university, announced[18] on June 12 that its Honors College would no longer be named after Calhoun.
South Carolina’s “Heritage Act[19]” prevents renaming of buildings without legislative approval, but the honors college is an organizational unit, not a building.
This is a particularly significant development given that Clemson University sits on what was once Calhoun’s plantation[20], which his daughter and her husband, Thomas Clemson, inherited.
Football players at Clemson University lead the March for Change on their campus on June 13, 2020.
Maddie Meyer/Getty Images[21]
While public memorials of Calhoun appear to be on the decline, what I find more significant – and more troublesome – is the way that Calhoun’s ideology has been ingrained in the American culture and psyche – thanks in large part to the way his ideas were embraced in U.S. institutions of higher learning long after his death.
I make this observation as a historian and author of a chapter for the forthcoming book[22] “Persistence Through Peril: Episodes of College Life and Academic Endurance in the Civil War South.”
Who was he?
Calhoun[23], who was born in 1782 and died a decade before the Civil War began, in 1850, was not only a slaveholder[24] and an ardent defender of slavery, but a chief architect of the political system that allowed slavery to persist.
Engraved portrait of John C. Calhoun.
Stock Montage/Getty Images[25]
More enduring than the effects of his political career – which included the annexation of Texas[26] to expand the number of slaveholding states – are the repercussions of his political ideology.
As a political theorist, Calhoun is best known for two ideas: “concurrent majority[27]” and “nullification.” A concurrent majority is the notion that a minority of the electorate – namely, one with money and property – can veto a political majority.
This idea is related to his belief in nullification[28] theory, which is the idea that a state can void federal laws. Nullification made the idea of South Carolina seceding from the nation – and the creation of the Confederacy – a political possibility and then a reality.
Calhoun laid out his arguments for these ideas in his treatise “A Disquisition on Government[29].”
While some Americans defended slavery as a “necessary evil[30]” Calhoun viewed slavery as “a positive good[31].”
He held paternalistic views of Blacks as well as other non-whites[32], declaring: “We make a great mistake when we suppose that all people are capable of self-government.”
The Calhoun curriculum
Calhoun’s political doctrines were taught explicitly in college classrooms for decades after his death. There are still remnants[33] in the curriculum.
His own views on nullification theory, states’ rights and secession were formed when he studied at Yale University where the college’s president, Timothy Dwight[34], introduced to him the espoused the idea that New England could leave the young nation and become a separate country. Yale named a residential college in his honor in 1931. It renamed it in 2017[35] after the intense pressure from students and alumni that followed the Charleston massacre at the Mother Emanuel Church.
In the chapter that I am writing for “Persistence through Peril,” I am explaining how Calhoun’s ideologies permeated Southern institutions of higher education. His views were taught at the Military Academy of South Carolina, before, during and after the Civil War. When those cadets studied the U.S. Constitution, their professors and texts emphasized Calhoun’s interpretation of it.
John Peyre Thomas[36], a Citadel graduate and Confederate Army colonel who served as professor, superintendent and later trustee at The Citadel, heaped praise upon Calhoun, having served as editor for The Carolina Tribute to Calhoun[37] in 1857.
In a speech given at Clemson University on June 22, 1897, Thomas declared, “It is conceded that Calhoun’s standard in the science of government is so lofty as in some respects to be unattainable in our day and generation.”
The road ahead
Decades of teaching a particular doctrine do not fade easily or quickly. The United States is now witnessing another racial awakening[38] with protests for social justice. Symbols of racism and white supremacy are being removed from higher education.
On June 17, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Board of Trustees reversed[39] its 16-year moratorium[40] on renaming buildings, put in place after the statue known as “Silent Sam[41]” was torn down in 2018.
The University System of Georgia[42], which includes the University of Georgia, also moved in June 2020 to review the names of its buildings. This would include the University of Georgia’s Grady School of Journalism, which is named after Henry Grady, an avowed white supremacist[43].
After Calhoun’s death in 1850, his colleague in the Senate, Thomas Hart Benton[44] of Missouri, remarked about him: “He is not dead. There may be no vitality in his body, but there is in his doctrines.” He was prophetic in his words.
Calhoun’s ideologies fueled the Civil War[45], gave comfort to those who believed in the “Lost Cause[46]” (that is, to show the Civil War in the best light possible from the Confederate point of view) and perpetuated the teaching of racist and white supremacist attitudes.
Because the ideas he espoused have flourished, I believe that dismantling his legacy will take much more than just removing statues of his likeness or renaming buildings, streets and other public places named in his honor.
[You’re smart and curious about the world. So are The Conversation’s authors and editors. You can read us daily by subscribing to our newsletter[47].]
References
- ^ South Carolina Governor’s Mansion (www.scgovernorsmansion.org)
- ^ papers of John C. Calhoun (www.archives.gov)
- ^ Calhoun’s legacy (www.scencyclopedia.org)
- ^ removed (www.npr.org)
- ^ Mother Emanuel Church (motheremanuel.com)
- ^ horrific shooting massacre in 2015 (www.usatoday.com)
- ^ slaveholder (www.clemson.edu)
- ^ secretary of state (history.state.gov)
- ^ secretary of war (history.army.mil)
- ^ a U.S. senator (www.senate.gov)
- ^ vice president (www.senate.gov)
- ^ Calhoun State Office Building (www.historiccolumbia.org)
- ^ home state (calhouncounty.sc.gov)
- ^ Alabama (www.calhouncounty.org)
- ^ Arkansas (calhouncounty.arkansas.gov)
- ^ Georgia (calhouncountyga.com)
- ^ Calhoun County in Michigan (www.battlecreekenquirer.com)
- ^ announced (newsstand.clemson.edu)
- ^ Heritage Act (www.scstatehouse.gov)
- ^ Calhoun’s plantation (www.clemson.edu)
- ^ Maddie Meyer/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ forthcoming book (www.upress.state.ms.us)
- ^ Calhoun (www.clemson.edu)
- ^ slaveholder (www.clemson.edu)
- ^ Stock Montage/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ annexation of Texas (www.tsl.texas.gov)
- ^ concurrent majority (www.jstor.org)
- ^ nullification (www.scencyclopedia.org)
- ^ A Disquisition on Government (www.worldcat.org)
- ^ necessary evil (www.worldcat.org)
- ^ a positive good (teachingamericanhistory.org)
- ^ paternalistic views of Blacks as well as other non-whites (teachingamericanhistory.org)
- ^ remnants (www.insidehighered.com)
- ^ Timothy Dwight (archives.yale.edu)
- ^ renamed it in 2017 (news.yale.edu)
- ^ John Peyre Thomas (digital.tcl.sc.edu)
- ^ The Carolina Tribute to Calhoun (www.loc.gov)
- ^ racial awakening (theconversation.com)
- ^ reversed (www.unc.edu)
- ^ 16-year moratorium (www.greensboro.com)
- ^ Silent Sam (www.npr.org)
- ^ University System of Georgia (www.onlineathens.com)
- ^ avowed white supremacist (www.ajc.com)
- ^ Thomas Hart Benton (www.historynet.com)
- ^ fueled the Civil War (www.historynet.com)
- ^ Lost Cause (www.encyclopediavirginia.org)
- ^ You can read us daily by subscribing to our newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Christian K. Anderson, Associate Professor, University of South Carolina
