George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery deaths: Racism causes life-threatening conditions for black men every day
- Written by Shervin Assari, Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
High-profile police shootings and deaths of black men in custody – or even while out jogging – bring cries of racism across the country. The May 25 death of George Floyd [1] by a white police officer in Minneapolis and the shooting death of Ahmaud Arbery[2] in Brunswick, Georgia on Feb. 23, 2020 by a white father and son have resulted in outrage and protests in cities across the U.S.
But, as a public health researcher who studies the effects of racism on the health of black men, I have found that the life-and-death effects of racism in the U.S. go far beyond police shootings. I also have found that, while racism harms many groups of people, black men are paying the highest cost.
As a result of racism, and associated poverty and injustice, life expectancy at birth of black men is 71.9[3] years, far bellow white women (81.2), black women (78.5), and white men (76.4). These are mainly because of black men’s higher risk of dying from several types[4] of cancer[5], stroke[6], HIV[7], and homicide[8].“ Despite overall declining[9] numbers of homicide in the U.S., homicide remains the number one cause[10] of death for black males 10 to 24.
My research[11] and that of many others[12] strongly links these deaths and poor physical and mental health outcomes in general to racism[13]. For black men in the U.S., racism is a daily experience[14] that harms their health and leads to chronic disease [15]and poor health[16]. About 66% of blacks report high levels of day-to-day racial discrimination[17].
One example is being turned down [18]for a job[19] (as opposed to being treated differently on the job[20]. On average, each black youth faces one[21] major discriminatory experience each year. Discrimination is a major risk factor for health problems across the board, as shown by reviews[22].
There are also blocked opportunities[23] for black men and other types of discrimination that are less frequent but very consequential, also called major discriminatory events. Combined, these discriminatory experiences make living harder[24] and shorter[25] for black men than for other race by gender groups. While discrimination is known to be a risk factor for premature death[26], heart disease[27], depression[28], and suicide[29], we know black men experience discrimination more[30] than other groups, including black women.
As an associate professor[31] of family medicine at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science[32], a historically black medical school, I study how racism affects racial and ethnic minority people, particularly black men. My studies have shown that discrimination and racism are root causes of depression[33], anxiety[34], substance use[35] and suicide[36], as well as poor physical health.
Education does not save black men
Black men experience racial discrimination at an early age.
AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana[37]
In a recent study[38], I found that sense of mastery, which refers to people’s ability to take control of their life, could reduce psychological distress for black women. For black men, however, high levels of mastery were not enough to reduce psychological distress.
In another study[39], I compared black men and black women for the effect of their educational attainment on their depressive symptoms and psychological distress. I analyzed data of 3,570 black adults (2,299 females and 1,271 males) and found that education protects black men less[40] than it protects black women from depressive symptoms and psychological distress. That means black men are at risk of depressive symptoms and psychological distress at all levels of educational attainment. That is, their success is not enough to reduce their depression and distress.
As all these studies have used nationally representative data. Thus, the results are generalizable to the U.S. people. They all show a pattern called diminished returns[41] of economic and non-economic resources for black men. Although they are also seen for other race by gender groups, they are most pronounced for black men[42]. As a result of these diminished returns, black men who have high levels of aspirations and motivation to get to the top of society still get sick[43], feel unhealthy[44] and die early[45].
In other words, as long as U.S. unfairly treats black men, their very same resource would fail to protect them, so they show systemically poor[46] outcomes[47], regardless of their status in the society.
Again, these are not limited to, but worst for, black men.
Racism in health care
Even the U.S. health care system treats black men[48] worse than black women. This includes receiving a lower quality of health care compared to whites, and even black women. Such discrimination deteriorates their ability to manage their disease, so they develop worse outcomes and get sicker[49].
One of my papers shows that white men have a specific role in this. My work shows that anti-black bias[50] is highest in white men than white women. This is very concerning because white men have the highest level of power in law, politics, police and many other institutions in the U.S. These all mean that odds are not in favor of black men.
Recent shootings of black men, either by police, or others, also shows that black men are specifically targeted by white men[51], the group which also is in charge of law and order. These all are examples of how social structures[52] and biases cause poor health [53] among black men.
Money doesn’t improve health for black men
Studies show black men face higher rates of depression.
fizkes/shutterstock.com[54]
Several of my studies have documented high risk of depression in black men and boys[55] of high socioeconomic status. These studies shows higher, instead of lower, risk of depression as a result of socioeconomic mobility[56] in the US.
One explanation for this is that they pay a very high price for their ticket[57] to the top of the society. This journey also opens their eyes to the real inequalities[58] that exist in the U.S. society.
In another study among black boys[59], high income increased the risk of depression, suggesting that high-income black boys are more, not less, depressed than low-income black boys. In yet another study of mine, 25 years’ follow-up of American adults showed that high education actually increases depressive symptoms of black men[60] over time. I did not see this pattern in white men, white women or even black women.
In another study[61], I found that white men gain most life expectancy from their employment. The gain was smaller but still considerable for white women and black women. Black men, however, died earlier, regardless of their employment.
Thus, in todays’s U.S., racism is a root cause of poor health of black men. Given the societal structure, personal assets and ambitions such as advanced education, income and employment do not insulate black men from the racism of the American society they live in. In fact, these assets increase[62] the likelihood of black men to be discriminated.
Many studies have shown that racism, discrimination, prejudice and related environmental stressors[63] have a more prominent role in causing anxiety, depression[64], substance use[65], and poor physical health[66] of black men than black women.
Questions we should ask ourselves as a society
I end up this conversation with a few questions for my fellow Americans. How on earth can social mobility[67] make the lives of white[68] Americans easier, but not for black men[69]? Why should social status increase rather than decrease black men’s exposure and vulnerability to discrimination? Why, for whites, does discrimination vanish if people attain high levels of success, but for black men, discrimination increases as they move up the social ladder[70]? Why does success increase[71] discriminatory experiences[72] of black men[73]?
Racism, however, is bad for everyone’s health[74], not just black men. It is just bad in a different way. Everyone dies sooner[75] in a racist community. This is partially because societal inequalities increase people’ vulnerablities[76], even the most privileged ones, as a I explained in another piece[77].
[Get the best of The Conversation, every weekend. Sign up for our weekly newsletter[78].]
References
- ^ George Floyd (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ shooting death of Ahmaud Arbery (gbi.georgia.gov)
- ^ 71.9 (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ several types (doi.org)
- ^ of cancer (www.ajpmonline.org)
- ^ stroke (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ HIV (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ homicide (doi.org)
- ^ declining (www.bjs.gov)
- ^ number one cause (doi.org)
- ^ research (doi.org)
- ^ others (doi.org)
- ^ racism (doi.org)
- ^ daily experience (doi.org)
- ^ chronic disease (doi.org)
- ^ poor health (doi.org)
- ^ 66% of blacks report high levels of day-to-day racial discrimination (opencommons.uconn.edu)
- ^ turned down (eric.ed.gov)
- ^ job (citeseerx.ist.psu.edu)
- ^ on the job (www.eajournals.org)
- ^ one (doi.org)
- ^ reviews (doi.org)
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- ^ harder (doi.org)
- ^ shorter (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ death (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ heart disease (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ depression (www.frontiersin.org)
- ^ suicide (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ more (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ associate professor (profiles.cdrewu.edu)
- ^ Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (www.cdrewu.edu)
- ^ depression (www.frontiersin.org)
- ^ anxiety (www.frontiersin.org)
- ^ substance use (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ suicide (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana (www.apimages.com)
- ^ study (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ study (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ education protects black men less (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ diminished returns (spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ black men (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ get sick (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ unhealthy (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ die early (www.frontiersin.org)
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- ^ worse outcomes and get sicker (www.frontiersin.org)
- ^ anti-black bias (ijer.skums.ac.ir)
- ^ white men (ijer.skums.ac.ir)
- ^ social structures (theconversation.com)
- ^ poor health (theconversation.com)
- ^ fizkes/shutterstock.com (www.shutterstock.com)
- ^ boys (link.springer.com)
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- ^ high price for their ticket (www.mdpi.com)
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- ^ environmental stressors (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ anxiety, depression (www.frontiersin.org)
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- ^ black men (www.mdpi.com)
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- ^ black men (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ everyone’s health (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ dies sooner (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ vulnerablities (link.springer.com)
- ^ piece (theconversation.com)
- ^ Sign up for our weekly newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Shervin Assari, Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
