Battlefields around the world are finding new purpose as parks and refuges
- Written by Todd Lookingbill, Associate Professor of Geography and the Environment, University of Richmond
The horrors of war are all too familiar: lives lost, homes destroyed, entire communities forced to flee. Yet as time passes, places that once were sites of death and destruction can become peaceful natural refuges.
One of the deadliest battles fought on U.S. soil, for example, was the Battle of Gettysburg[1]. Tens of thousands of men were killed or wounded in three days of fighting. Over 150 years later, millions of visitors[2] have toured Gettysburg Battlefield.
Across the U.S., 25 national battlefield and military parks[3] have been established to protect battlefield landscapes and memorialize the past. Increasingly, visitors to these sites are attracted as much by their natural beauty as their historical legacy.
Our new book, “Collateral Values: The Natural Capital Created by Landscapes of War[4],” describes the benefits to society when healthy natural habitats develop on former battlefields and other military landscapes, such as bases and security zones. Environmental scientist Gary Machlis[5] coined the phrase “collateral values” – a spin on the military expression “collateral damage” – to describe the largely unintended and positive consequences of protecting these lands.
These benefits include opportunities for picnicking, hiking and bird watching. More importantly, former military lands can support wildlife conservation, reduce water and air pollution, enhance pollination of natural and agricultural areas and help regulate a warming climate.
Watershed adventure camp at Staunton River Battlefield State Park, Virginia.
Virginia State Parks, CC BY[6][7]
From battlefields to parks
In addition to federally protected sites, hundreds of battlefields in the U.S. are preserved by states, local governments and nonprofits like the American Battlefield Trust[8]. Collectively, these sites represent an important contribution to the nation’s public lands.
Preserved battlefields include old fort sites[9], like the 33 that have been designated public lands in Oklahoma and Texas, marking wars fought between European settlers and Native Americans. They also include coastal defense forts[10] built in the first half of the 1800s along the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards. While some battlefield parks are quite large, others are small sites in urban settings[11].
Internationally, the United Kingdom has an active program[12] to preserve its battlefields, some centuries old. Other Western European countries have preserved World War I and World War II battlefields.
For example, one of the most brutal battles of WWI was fought in Verdun, France[13]. That trench warfare site is now 25,000 acres of regenerated forest that attracts more than a quarter-million visitors annually. It protects a biologically rich landscape, including wetlands, orchids, birds, bats, newts, frogs, toads, insects, mushrooms and “survivor trees” that still bear scars of war.
Landscape in Verdun Forest.
Lamiot, CC BY-SA[14][15]
Borders: The Iron Curtain
The largest, most ambitious plan in Europe for transforming a military border centers on the Iron Curtain[16] – a line of guard towers, walls, minefields and fences that stretched for thousands of miles, from Norway’s border with the Soviet Union above the Arctic Circle down to the Mediterranean coastal border between Greece and Albania.
Communist Russia and its allies claimed they had to build a system of military barriers to defend against the NATO alliance[17] of Western European countries and the U.S. But keeping their own citizens in was equally as important. Hundreds died[18] trying to escape.
The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War, and the utility of the Iron Curtain and associated military facilities. With the fall of the Berlin Wall[19] that divided the city into halves, a reunified Germany began to develop its section of the Iron Curtain into a system of conservation areas and nature trails, known as the European Green Belt initiative[20].
One great challenge of this project was balancing the values[21] of conserving nature while preserving the tragic historical legacy of conflict. Most efforts to build collateral values on former landscapes must grapple with this trade-off.
Iron Curtain Greenway: Europeans are creating a system of parks and natural areas stretching across the continent, all connected by the greenswards that have grown along the former Iron Curtain.
European Green Belt Association, CC BY[22][23]
Other militarized borders around the globe are also becoming conservation sites. For example, the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea has been strictly off-limits for people for decades, allowing it to grow into the most important, albeit unofficial, biodiversity reserve[24] on the Korean peninsula.
Similarly, forests have grown up in the extensive minefield created along the Iran-Iraq border during those nations’ war in the 1980s. These forests support Asian leopards[25] and other rare wildlife species. There are proposals to formally protect them as nature reserves.
Hope after tragedy
As open space becomes scarce in many parts of the U.S., Civil War battlefield parks have become havens for grassland birds like this grasshopper sparrow.
NPS/Sasha Robinson[26]
The ecosystems of protected areas, such as parks and preserves, provide vital benefits for humans and nature. Unfortunately, the world is in danger of losing at least one-third[27] of its protected areas to development and other threats. Recognizing the collateral values that have developed on protected former battlefields and border zones may help reduce degradation and loss of these lands.
One recent study estimates that nearly 1 million square miles – 5% of the Earth’s dry land surface – is currently designated as military training areas[28]. These zones could be protected with relatively little investment when combined with social, cultural and political goals, such as memorializing historical events, and could become ecologically valuable places.
No one should forget the brutality of the conflicts that gave rise to these landscapes. However, given the scale of threats to natural habitats around the world, conservationists cannot ignore opportunities to cultivate and preserve natural places – even those that arise from the horrors of war.
[ Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter and get a digest of academic takes on today’s news, every day.[29] ]
References
- ^ Battle of Gettysburg (www.battlefields.org)
- ^ millions of visitors (irma.nps.gov)
- ^ 25 national battlefield and military parks (www.nps.gov)
- ^ Collateral Values: The Natural Capital Created by Landscapes of War (link.springer.com)
- ^ Gary Machlis (www.clemson.edu)
- ^ Virginia State Parks (flic.kr)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ American Battlefield Trust (www.battlefields.org)
- ^ old fort sites (link.springer.com)
- ^ coastal defense forts (www.nps.gov)
- ^ small sites in urban settings (doi.org)
- ^ active program (link.springer.com)
- ^ Verdun, France (link.springer.com)
- ^ Lamiot (search.creativecommons.org)
- ^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
- ^ Iron Curtain (www.britannica.com)
- ^ the NATO alliance (www.britannica.com)
- ^ Hundreds died (www.bbc.com)
- ^ fall of the Berlin Wall (youtu.be)
- ^ European Green Belt initiative (www.europeangreenbelt.org)
- ^ balancing the values (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ European Green Belt Association (europeangreenbelt.org)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ albeit unofficial, biodiversity reserve (www.springer.com)
- ^ support Asian leopards (www.biographic.com)
- ^ NPS/Sasha Robinson (www.nps.gov)
- ^ losing at least one-third (www.csp-inc.org)
- ^ is currently designated as military training areas (doi.org)
- ^ Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter and get a digest of academic takes on today’s news, every day. (theconversation.com)
Authors: Todd Lookingbill, Associate Professor of Geography and the Environment, University of Richmond
