Can protecting land promote employment? In New England, the answer is yes
- Written by Katharine Sims, Associate Professor of Economics, Amherst College
Protecting land from development provides numerous ecological and social benefits, but many people debate whether it hurts or helps local economies. Some worry that land protection will inhibit economic growth by restricting local resource use or building opportunities[1]. Others counter that land protection can support local economies[2] because it promotes sustainable resource use, tourism and recreation and attracts new residents and businesses[3].
To assess these competing views, we looked at New England. Since 1990, these six states from Connecticut to Maine have protected more than 5 million acres of land[4], creating a unique natural experiment in conservation.
Our interdisciplinary team has developed quasi-experimental methods[5] to evaluate conservation initiatives across the globe[6], and has studied[7] the New England region[8] in depth. Recently, we worked together to examine how land protection in New England affected key economic indicators[9] for the 1,500 towns and cities in the region from 1990 through 2015.
Our results show that saving land can also help economies. Over those 25 years, land conservation moderately increased local employment numbers and the labor force, without reducing new housing permits.
Protected forests in New England enhance local quality of life and support a $10 billion annual tourism industry.
Harvard Forest/Ryan Burton, CC BY-ND[10]
The future of conservation: More local actions by private owners
Prior research on the economic impacts of protected areas has generally focused on large, publicly owned parks both globally[11] and nationally[12]. In the western United States, for example, the federal government manages almost half of all land[13], and population densities are low.
But the future of land conservation is likely to be more local and more private. New protected areas will be smaller and in areas that are already densely settled. More of this protection will occur through purchasing conservation rights[14] and creation of private land trusts[15], rather than through direct acquisition by government agencies.
In other words, the future of land conservation will resemble ownership patterns in New England, where hundreds of thousands of private owners hold more than 80% of the land[16]. Since 1990, public agencies have acquired 20% of all new land protected, and private owners and land trusts have protected 29% through more than 17,000 private deals[17]. The remaining 51% are private timberlands with easements on them that require these tracts to continue as working forests.
Percentage of land protected by town (map a) and types of protected land (map b), 2010.
Sims et al., 2019., CC BY-ND[18][19]
Land protection in New England is a community effort that has involved thousands of committed individuals, hundreds of towns and cities, dozens of state and federal agencies and more than 350 land trusts[20]. Examples include the Mount Agamenticus to the Sea Conservation Initiative[21], the East Quabbin Land Trust[22], the New England Forestry Foundation[23], the Trustees of Reservations[24], the Mount Grace Trust[25] and the Litchfield Hills Greenprint Collaborative[26].
The diverse and decentralized nature of these efforts creates many different levels of land protection across towns and cities, much like the approach that an experimental scientist would take in a lab. Some towns and cities gained more protected land than others, often because property became available and a few committed individuals acted at the right time. We used this variation to compare the economic health of communities that protected more land to those that didn’t.
Protecting land increases local employment
We knew that many trends can influence economic growth, and that these factors might correlate with areas where land was conserved. To isolate the local impacts of land protection, we broke our data into five sets of five-year intervals. For each town or city, we studied how land protection related to economic indicators in the subsequent five-year period, so that past protection was related to growth, not the reverse.
We controlled for potentially confounding factors including metro-region growth trends, fluctuations in employment by time period and land protection actions by neighboring towns. We also controlled for constant features of each town, including wealth levels and proximity to the coast or to population centers.
We found that higher levels of land protection led to greater numbers of people employed[27], especially in rural areas. Specifically, we found that a 1% increase in land protection led to a 0.03% increase in local employment. For example, if a town with 20,000 employed people increased land protection from 10% to 15% of its area – a 50% jump – its working population increased by 300 people on average over the next five years.
This positive effect held true whether the lands were public, private or large protected timberlands. And new housing permits did not decrease with additional land protection, which indicates that land protection did not reduce housing development overall. People still built new houses, although possibly in different locations than they would have otherwise.
A mountain biker enjoys a protected forest tract and will likely spend money locally, boosting the economy.
New England Mountain Biking Association, CC BY-ND[28]
Using resources sustainably creates jobs
Our unique study analyzed the entire New England region using consistently available economic indicators. We believe this research complements more detailed case studies in New England and forward-looking work like the Wildlands and Woodlands initiative[29], which is a science-based vision for the future of land protection and stewardship in New England.
Other local research shows that land protection provides jobs where it encourages sustainable resource uses[30], such as annual timber harvests, fishing and maple syrup production. In general, land protection creates jobs through recreational visitor spending[31] on locally produced goods and services. Recreation in New England generates about 432,000 jobs and US$52 billion annually in direct spending[32].
Sustainable wood harvesting supports local economies, creates new habitat for rare, open-land species, and can help sequester carbon.
Harvard Forest/Spencer Meyer, CC BY-ND[33]
Land protection also increases amenity values, which can make towns and cities desirable places to live[34], attracting in-migration that creates growth[35]. New England already has a thriving tourist industry[36], and it is not surprising that protecting our natural resources strengthened that source of economic productivity.
New England’s experience shows that conservation can complement and support economic development. We hope that future work will evaluate more deeply the specific mechanisms that can lead to local net gains from land conservation. There also is a need for better understanding of local tax impacts, other factors that are necessary for economic success, and ways in which all people can benefit from open space near where they live.
References
- ^ restricting local resource use or building opportunities (dx.doi.org)
- ^ support local economies (doi.org)
- ^ attracts new residents and businesses (www.jstor.org)
- ^ more than 5 million acres of land (harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu)
- ^ developed quasi-experimental methods (scholar.google.com)
- ^ across the globe (scholar.google.com)
- ^ studied (harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu)
- ^ New England region (scholar.google.com)
- ^ affected key economic indicators (doi.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ globally (doi.org)
- ^ nationally (www.jrap-journal.org)
- ^ almost half of all land (fas.org)
- ^ purchasing conservation rights (doi.org)
- ^ land trusts (www.landtrustalliance.org)
- ^ more than 80% of the land (www.wildlandsandwoodlands.org)
- ^ more than 17,000 private deals (doi.org)
- ^ Sims et al., 2019. (doi.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ more than 350 land trusts (www.landtrustalliance.org)
- ^ Mount Agamenticus to the Sea Conservation Initiative (www.mta2c.org)
- ^ East Quabbin Land Trust (eqlt.org)
- ^ New England Forestry Foundation (newenglandforestry.org)
- ^ Trustees of Reservations (www.thetrustees.org)
- ^ Mount Grace Trust (www.mountgrace.org)
- ^ Litchfield Hills Greenprint Collaborative (litchfieldgreenprint.org)
- ^ greater numbers of people employed (doi.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ Wildlands and Woodlands initiative (www.wildlandsandwoodlands.org)
- ^ encourages sustainable resource uses (www.fs.fed.us)
- ^ recreational visitor spending (pubs.er.usgs.gov)
- ^ generates about 432,000 jobs and US$52 billion annually in direct spending (outdoorindustry.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ make towns and cities desirable places to live (doi.org)
- ^ creates growth (humanecologyreview.org)
- ^ thriving tourist industry (www.discovernewengland.org)
Authors: Katharine Sims, Associate Professor of Economics, Amherst College
