India's sodomy ban, now ruled illegal, was a British colonial legacy
- Written by Amy Bhatt, Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
The Indian Supreme Court has legalized homosexuality[1], overturning a 157-year ban on consensual gay sex.
In a nearly 500-page unanimous decision[2] issued on Sept. 6, India’s highest court affirmed that “whenever the constitutional courts come across a situation of transgression or dereliction in the sphere of fundamental rights which are also the basic human rights of a section, howsoever small part of the society, then it is for the constitutional courts to ensure that constitutional morality prevails over social morality.”
Gay rights advocates worldwide[3] celebrated the legal victory, which came after nearly a decade of contentious court battles[4] against a British colonial law criminalizing homosexual acts[5].
“Our court, our justice system, really believes in the rights of the people,” said[6] Kalyani Subramanyam, program director for the Naz Foundation, the primary petitioner in the court case, which could open the door to gay marriage[7].
And the ruling is more than a human rights win. It is also a restoration of ancient Indian sexual norms.
India, homosexuality and the ‘third gender’
In that way, India’s ruling differs from recent court decisions legalizing gay marriage in Colombia[8], Taiwan[9] and Germany[10] – though for LGBTQ Indians, the impacts may be similarly life-changing.
Sexual and gender minorities in India are regularly harassed[11], assaulted[12] and jailed[13].
Yet many gender researchers who study India – myself[14] included – argue that India’s religious and cultural heritage has long been more accommodating to multiple gender and sexual expressions than Western societies.
According to scholars Ruth Vanita[15] and Saleem Kidwai[16]’s groundbreaking 2000 essay collection[17] on same-sex love in India, Hindus embraced a range of thinking on gender and sexuality as far back as the Vedic period, around 4000 B.C.
The Hindu god Shiva has both male and female characteristics.
Richard Mortel via Wikimedia, CC BY[18][19]
Hinduism’s first sacred texts tell stories of same-sex love and gender-morphing figures. The Hindu deity Shiva is sometimes worshipped as a multi-gendered figure composed of Shiva and his wife Parvati together, in what’s known as his Ardhanarishvara[20] form.
Hindu texts from around 1500 B.C. likewise show that the “third gender”[21] – individuals sometimes called “hijras[22],” who do not fit into the categories of man or woman – were integrated into India’s political and social life.
In the Kama Sutra, India’s famed erotic guidebook, the character Svairini[23] is described as as a liberated woman who lives either alone or in union with another woman.
“Male-male attraction” is also “one of the themes of pre-colonial Urdu poetry” writes Vanita in her book[24] about Indian Islamic literature from the 18th and 19th centuries.
India’s Khajuraho temples[25], built in Madhaya Pradesh state between 950 and 1050, even include depictions of homosexual orgies and fellatio, among other erotic sculptures and scenes[26].
Some scholars of Islam, India’s second-largest religion[27], also find acceptance of gender fluidity in the Koran[28], which says that Allah “shapes you in the wombs as He pleases.”
Indeed, in India’s 16th-century Mughal courts[29], hijras and eunuchs often held positions of high esteem as advisers or emissaries between men and women.
The British preferred the binary
India’s fluid gender and sexual norms did not fit into Britain’s strict Victorian conceptions[30] of appropriate sexual behavior.
As the British empire grew more powerful in the Indian subcontinent in the early 19th century, so did their ideas about culture, society and law. Viewing local notions of sexuality as barbaric, British officials imposed[31] Western, Judeo-Christian sexual norms on colonial subjects.
Before the British, homosexuality was not illegal in India.
But by 1861 the British had consolidated their rule over India and were enforcing Section 377 of their penal code, which could punish those who committed sodomy[32] or other homosexual acts with life in prison.
When India gained its independence in 1947, this statute remained, becoming Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
Colonial British rule over India included the imposition of laws mandating strict gender roles.
Author unknown[33]
Britain’s anti-gay colonial legacy
India was not the only British colony where formerly acceptable sexual behaviors and identities became criminalized.
Section 377[34], or a similar statute, was imposed in 42 former colonies, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Nepal, which was never formally colonized by Great Britain, also adopted[35] anti-sodomy laws based on India’s British-influenced penal code.
In 2007, the Nepali government became the first in South Asia to re-recognize a third gender category. Today, Nepal’s Constitution[36] specifically protects LGBTQ people from discrimination and abuse.
Neighboring Pakistan, like former British colonies Bhutan, Uganda and Singapore, still criminalizes homosexuality under Section 377[37]. This “unnatural offense” is punishable with up to 10 years in prison.
But in 2018, Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country, passed the historic Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act[38], allowing Pakistanis to choose their gender on government documents and prohibits discrimination in employment and public accommodations on the basis of gender identity.
The future of gay rights in India
Despite India’s legalization of gay sex, the path toward full acceptance of LGBTQ rights is complicated.
For more than a decade, India’s right-wing Hindu nationalists – who espouse a fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism[39] called Hindutva – have worked[40] to portray homosexuality as a reprehensible Western import.
Members of the LGBT community dance to celebrate after the country’s top court struck down a colonial-era law that made homosexual acts punishable by up to 10 years in prison.
AP Photo/Aijaz Rahi[41]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a Hindu nationalist elected in 2014, is himself a follower of Hindutva[42].
In July, as India’s Supreme Court was preparing to hear arguments on the gay sex ban, Subramanian Swamy, a high-ranking member of Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, retorted[43] that homosexuality “is not a normal thing.”
It’s “against Hindutva,” he said.
After the ruling against Section 377, an armed Hindu nationalist group called the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh declared[44] that “same-sex marriages and relations are not in consonance with nature.”
Traditionally,“ read the Sept. 8 public statement, "Indian society has not supported such relations.”
Historic evidence says otherwise.
“India’s pre-colonial sexual history is important,” Chaitanya Lakkimsetti, a Texas A&M professor who was involved in the fight to end Section 377, told me.
Yet, she reflects, “This is not just about hearkening back in time.”
For Lakkimsetti, the legal victory shows that “the Indian constitution is a living document that protects minorities.” In legalizing gay sex, then, the Supreme Court is not just recognizing India’s rich past – it’s also “looking forward.”
References
- ^ legalized homosexuality (www.wipo.int)
- ^ decision (www.sci.gov.in)
- ^ worldwide (psmag.com)
- ^ court battles (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ British colonial law criminalizing homosexual acts (factly.in)
- ^ said (www.facebook.com)
- ^ open the door to gay marriage (www.cnn.com)
- ^ Colombia (www.hrw.org)
- ^ Taiwan (www.hrw.org)
- ^ Germany (www.bbc.com)
- ^ harassed (www.ijims.com)
- ^ assaulted (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ jailed (www.bbc.com)
- ^ myself (amybhatt.com)
- ^ Ruth Vanita (hs.umt.edu)
- ^ Saleem Kidwai (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ essay collection (www.palgrave.com)
- ^ Richard Mortel via Wikimedia (upload.wikimedia.org)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ Ardhanarishvara (www.britannica.com)
- ^ show that the “third gender” (ipfs.io)
- ^ hijras (www.huffingtonpost.com)
- ^ Svairini (www.jstor.org)
- ^ book (www.palgrave.com)
- ^ Khajuraho temples (whc.unesco.org)
- ^ sculptures and scenes (www.bbc.com)
- ^ second-largest religion (www.pewresearch.org)
- ^ Koran (dailytimes.com.pk)
- ^ India’s 16th-century Mughal courts (www.huffingtonpost.com)
- ^ strict Victorian conceptions (www.vam.ac.uk)
- ^ imposed (www.hrw.org)
- ^ could punish those who committed sodomy (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ Author unknown (www.oldindianphotos.in)
- ^ Section 377 (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ adopted (www.hrw.org)
- ^ Nepal’s Constitution (www.hrc.org)
- ^ under Section 377 (www.clcbd.org)
- ^ Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (www.senate.gov.pk)
- ^ fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism (theconversation.com)
- ^ worked (www.academicjournals.org)
- ^ AP Photo/Aijaz Rahi (www.apimages.com)
- ^ is himself a follower of Hindutva (theconversation.com)
- ^ retorted (timesofindia.indiatimes.com)
- ^ declared (www.outlookindia.com)
Authors: Amy Bhatt, Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Read more http://theconversation.com/indias-sodomy-ban-now-ruled-illegal-was-a-british-colonial-legacy-103052
