Beavers offer lessons about managing water in a changing climate, whether the challenge is drought or floods
- Written by Christine E. Hatch, Professor of Geosciences, UMass Amherst
It’s no accident that both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[1] and the California Institute of Technology[2] claim the beaver (Castor canadensis) as their mascots. Renowned engineers, beavers seem able to dam any stream, building structures with logs and mud that can flood large areas.
As climate change causes extreme storms in some areas and intense drought in others, scientists are finding that beavers’ small-scale natural interventions are valuable[3]. In dry areas, beaver ponds restore moisture to the soil; in wet zones, their dams and ponds can help to slow floodwaters. These ecological services are so useful that land managers are translocating beavers in the U.S.[4] and the United Kingdom[5] to help restore ecosystems and make them more resilient to climate change.
Scientists estimate that hundreds of millions of beavers[6] once dammed waterways across the Northern Hemisphere. They were hunted nearly to extinction for their fur[7] in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and North America but are making comebacks today[8] in many areas. As a geoscientist specializing in water resources[9], I think it’s important to understand how helpful beavers can be in the right places[10] and to find ways for humans to coexist with them in developed areas.
Scientists are studying ways to use beavers to mitigate wildfire and drought risks in the western U.S.How beavers alter landscapes
Beavers dam streams to create ponds[11], where they can construct their dome-shaped lodges in the water, keeping predators at a distance. When they create a pond, many other effects follow.
Newly flooded trees die but remain standing as bare “snags” where birds nest. The diverted streams create complicated interwoven channels of slow-moving water, tangled with logs and plants that provide hiding places for fish. The messy complexity behind a beaver dam creates many different kinds of habitats for creatures such as fish, birds, frogs and insects.
Human dams often block fish passage[12] upstream and downstream, even when the dams include fish ladders[13]. But studies have shown[14] that fish have no trouble migrating upstream past beaver dams. One reason may be that the fish can rest in slow pools and cool pond complexes after navigating the tallest parts of the dams.
The slow-moving water behind beaver dams is very effective at trapping sediment, which drops to the bottom of the pond. Studies measuring total organic carbon in active and abandoned beaver meadows suggest that before the 1800s, active and abandoned beaver ponds across North America stored large amounts of carbon[15] in sediment trapped behind them. This finding is relevant today as scientists look for ways to increase carbon storage in forests and other natural ecosystems[16].
Beavers may persist in one location for decades if they aren’t threatened by bears, cougars or humans, but they will move on if food runs out near their pond. When abandoned beaver dams fail, the ponds drain and gradually become grassy meadows as plants from the surrounding land seed them.
Dried meadows can serve as floodplains for nearby rivers, allowing waters to spill out and provide forage and spawning areas for fish during high flows. Floodplain meadows are valuable habitat[19] for ground-nesting birds and other species that depend on the river.
The value of slowing the flow
As human settlements expand, people often wish to make use of every acre. That typically means that they want either land that is solid and dry enough to farm or waterways they can navigate by boat. To create those conditions, humans remove floating logs from streams and install drains to draw water off of fields and roads as quickly and efficiently as possible.
But covering more and more land surface with barriers that don’t absorb water, such as pavement and rooftops, means that water flows into rivers and streams more quickly. Rainfall from an average storm can produce an intense river flow that erodes the banks and beds of waterways[20]. And as climate change fuels more intense storms in many places[21], it will amplify this destructive impact.
Some developers limit this kind of damaging flow by using nature-based engineering principles[22], such as “ponding” water to intercept it and slow it down; spreading flows out more widely to reduce the water’s speed; and designing swales, or sunken spots, that allow water to sink into the ground. Beaver wetlands do all of these things, only better. Research in the United Kingdom has documented that beaver activity can reduce the flow of floodwaters from farmlands by up to 30%[23].
Beaver meadows and wetlands also help cool the ground around and beneath them[24]. Wet soil in these zones contains a lot of organic matter from buried and decayed plants, which holds onto moisture longer than soil formed only from rocks and minerals. In my wetland research[25], I have found that after a storm, water entering the ground passes through pure mineral sand in hours to days but can remain in soils that are 80%-90% organic matter for as long as a month.
Cool, wet soil also serves as a buffer against wildfires. Recent studies in the western U.S. have found that vegetation in beaver-dammed river corridors is more fire-resistant[26] than in areas without beavers because it is well watered and lush, so it doesn’t burn as easily. As a result, areas near beaver dams provide temporary refuge for wildlife[27] when surrounding areas burn[28].
Making room for beavers
The ecological services that beavers provide are most valuable in zones where nobody minds if the landscape changes. But in the densely developed eastern U.S., where I work, it’s hard to find open areas where beaver ponds can spread out without flooding ditches or roads. Beavers also topple expensive landscaped trees and will feed on some cultivated crops, such as corn and soybeans[29].
Beavers are frequently blamed for flooding in developed areas, even though the real problem often is road design, not beaver dams[30]. In such cases, removing the beavers doesn’t solve the problem.
Debris carried by intense rains in July 2021 overtopped a beaver dam (still standing in the background) and washed out this undersized 3-foot culvert in western Massachusetts. It has since been replaced by a more resilient 9-foot structure.
Christine Hatch, CC BY-ND[31]
Culvert guards[32], fences and other exclusion devices can keep beavers a safe distance from infrastructure and maintain pond heights at a level that won’t flood adjoining areas. Road crossings over streams that are designed to let fish and other aquatic animals through instead of blocking them[33] are beaver-friendly and will be resilient to climate change and extreme precipitation events. If these structures are large enough to let debris pass through, then beavers will build dams upstream instead, which can help catch floodwaters.
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A growing body of research shows that setting aside pockets of land for beavers is good for wetland ecosystems, biodiversity and rivers. I believe we can learn from beavers’ water management skills, coexist with them in our landscapes and incorporate their natural engineering in response to weather and precipitation patterns disrupted by climate change.
References
- ^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (web.mit.edu)
- ^ California Institute of Technology (identity.caltech.edu)
- ^ are valuable (www.chelseagreen.com)
- ^ in the U.S. (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ the United Kingdom (www.bbc.com)
- ^ hundreds of millions of beavers (doi.org)
- ^ hunted nearly to extinction for their fur (ecwpress.com)
- ^ making comebacks today (www.nationalgeographic.com)
- ^ geoscientist specializing in water resources (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ right places (methowbeaverproject.org)
- ^ dam streams to create ponds (www.sciencefocus.com)
- ^ block fish passage (www.nwcouncil.org)
- ^ include fish ladders (www.scientificamerican.com)
- ^ studies have shown (doi.org)
- ^ stored large amounts of carbon (doi.org)
- ^ increase carbon storage in forests and other natural ecosystems (theconversation.com)
- ^ Virginia State Parks (flic.kr)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ valuable habitat (www.fws.gov)
- ^ erodes the banks and beds of waterways (extension.umass.edu)
- ^ fuels more intense storms in many places (royalsociety.org)
- ^ nature-based engineering principles (basc.pnnl.gov)
- ^ reduce the flow of floodwaters from farmlands by up to 30% (doi.org)
- ^ help cool the ground around and beneath them (kingcounty.gov)
- ^ wetland research (www.livingobservatory.org)
- ^ more fire-resistant (doi.org)
- ^ temporary refuge for wildlife (www.sagegrouseinitiative.com)
- ^ surrounding areas burn (doi.org)
- ^ corn and soybeans (agrilife.org)
- ^ the real problem often is road design, not beaver dams (www.gazettenet.com)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ Culvert guards (www.fs.fed.us)
- ^ let fish and other aquatic animals through instead of blocking them (streamcontinuity.org)
- ^ Sign up today (memberservices.theconversation.com)
Authors: Christine E. Hatch, Professor of Geosciences, UMass Amherst
