Sending science majors into elementary schools helps Latino and Black students realize scientists can look like them

The Research Brief^[1] is a short take about interesting academic work.

The big idea

After taking part in hands-on STEM lab experiments as part of a youth science program I coordinate, Latino and Black students were more likely to picture scientists as people who look like them – and not stereotypical white men in lab coats.

The Young Scientists Program^[2] at the Joint Educational Project of the University of Southern California offers specialized science, technology, engineering and math instruction in local elementary schools that have mostly Latino and Black students – two groups long underrepresented in STEM fields^[3]. My colleagues and I recruit undergrad and graduate STEM majors to teach lab experiments at seven schools in Los Angeles. About 2,400 students in grades two to five receive 20 hours of instruction each year. Over 80% of the students are Latino, and about 13% are African American.

We wanted to get a sense of whether the program increases the kids’ interest in science, as well as whether it changes how they view scientists. To do so, we used an evaluation tool based on the Draw-A-Scientist-Test^[4] created by educational researcher David Wade Chambers^[5] in 1983 which assessed kids’ preconceived notions of what scientists look like. Researchers later developed a checklist^[6] for the drawings that includes certain characteristics like gender, age, race and being in a laboratory.

When our program began collecting drawings of scientists from its participating students in 2015, 90% of the pictures were of white men in lab coats, often looking like Albert Einstein. About 10% of the students did not know what a scientist is or does. This was demonstrated by students who wrote “I don’t know” or drew question marks on their drawings.

The drawings have become more diverse over time, which we attribute to a gamut of reasons including hiring more diverse teaching staff and incorporating more examples of scientists of color into our programming.

In fall of 2019, before beginning the yearlong program, we asked the kids to draw a picture of a scientist. Just under 40% drew white female scientists, 6% drew scientists of color – either men or women – and 6% drew themselves as a scientist. Almost half of them, 48%, depicted scientists as either white men or cartoon characters. After completing the program, the kids were asked to draw a picture of a scientist again. This time, 37% of them drew white women, 10% drew scientists of color and 9% drew themselves. Only 44% drew white men or cartoon characters.

These increases in students who drew themselves or scientists of color, though perhaps seemingly small, are significant. They demonstrate that the students are developing and internalizing an identity of becoming a scientist.

Why it matters

Black workers make up only 9% of the STEM workforce^[7], and Latino workers represent 8%, though they are roughly 13% and 19%^[8] of the U.S. population, respectively. Similarly, Black and Latino undergrad and graduate students are less likely^[9] to earn STEM degrees than white and Asian students.

Without diversity in the STEM fields, it’s harder for students of color to see themselves as future scientists. Research shows a more diverse scientific community would likely lead to more innovation^[10], better health care^[11], more supportive academic spaces^[12] and a greater trust in science^[13], just to name a few benefits.

What still isn’t known

We hope that students who finish the Young Scientists Program continue to pursue STEM and go on to become scientists themselves. However, that data is not available, and we are unable to track the graduates. We do have one former participant and four other community students who are STEM majors who are now on staff and teaching science in the community where they grew up. This epitomizes the goal of our program.

What’s next

To change students’ preconceived notions of scientists as being white and male, it’s important they experience diverse science teachers, are taught about scientists of color^[14] in history and see diverse characters in science-related children’s books. Its our hope to see more of the students in our program drawing scientists of color or themselves as scientists in future drawings.

References

1. ^{^} Research Brief (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} Young Scientists Program (dornsife.usc.edu)
3. ^{^} underrepresented in STEM fields (www.pewresearch.org)
4. ^{^} Draw-A-Scientist-Test (doi.org)
5. ^{^} David Wade Chambers (scholar.google.com)
6. ^{^} developed a checklist (doi.org)
7. ^{^} 9% of the STEM workforce (www.pewresearch.org)
8. ^{^} 13% and 19% (www.census.gov)
9. ^{^} less likely (www.pewresearch.org)
10. ^{^} more innovation (doi.org)
11. ^{^} better health care (doi.org)
12. ^{^} more supportive academic spaces (www.doi.org)
13. ^{^} greater trust in science (theundefeated.com)
14. ^{^} scientists of color (www.nypl.org)