Muslim schools are allies in France's fight against radicalization – not the cause
- Written by Carol Ferrara, Assistant Professor, Emerson College
Following recent terror attacks in France[1], President Emmanuel Macron appears intent on pushing forward with his plans to combat what he sees as “Islamic separatism[2]” – starting with the schools.
A new bill announced on Nov. 18 will eradicate home-schooling options for French parents of children age 3 and above except in very limited health-related cases[3]. It will also increase scrutiny of independent schools and assign national identification numbers to school-aged children [4] to make it easier to track attendance.
Although it is framed around reinforcing France’s secular “Republican principles[5],” the bill is seen by many as a way to push youth into public schools early on to help, in the words of Minister of the Interior Gérald Darmanin, “save” France’s children “from the clutches of the Islamists[6].”
The focus on schools in this way is nothing new. In 2018, the French government introduced the “Gatel law,” which changed the age of mandatory education from 6 to 3 years, and made opening and operating an independent private school much more difficult [7]. The bill[8] also mandated that school directors, along with middle and high school teachers, hold French nationality – a clause that some say disproportionately affects Muslim schools[9].
The reforms appear to assume that France’s highly centralized public school system is the right option for all French youth, and that limiting alternative schooling options – especially Muslim schools[10] – will hedge against radicalization, separatism and teachings contrary to secular French Republican norms[11]. My research, based on 10 years studying French Muslim schools[12] and speaking with school directors, teachers, parents and students, suggests that this might be the wrong approach. The specialized curricula offered in some Muslim schools could actually help guard against both radicalization and one of its root causes – the perceived incompatibility[13] between being Muslim and being French[14].
Private French schools
The vast majority of France’s 9,000-plus private schools are under contract with the state. This means their operating budgets and teacher salaries are publicly funded[15] after a five-year waiting period[16]. The same curriculum is taught, but unlike public schools where religious education is entirely absent[17], private state-funded schools can offer religious education as an option.
By contrast, the approximately 1,500 independently funded private schools[18] are allowed significant academic freedom, although they must still teach core subjects[19] such as math, science, French and history.
About 70% of all independent schools are nonreligious, while 17% are Catholic[20]. About 5%[21] are Muslim.
One size fits all?
For most families I spoke with, school choice[22] reflected personal values and educational priorities. Independent Catholic schools were often described to me as a natural extension of family education, and for some families, a practical alternative to home-schooling.
Parents and school directors explained to me that their preference for independent schools stemmed from a variety of reasons, from a perceived lack of individual attention[23] paid to exceptional students[24] and those with learning or behavioral challenges to low academic standards[25] and a lack of religious education. Many independent school educators and parents expressed concern for what they perceived as government overreach when it came to control over children’s education.
At a memorial march for slain teacher Samuel Paty – an act that prompted school reform proposals – people hold placards stating ‘Love for all, hate for no one’.
AP Photo/Lewis Joly[26]
The school reforms proposed by Macron may be well intentioned. But they will further limit parental choice by eliminating the option of home-schooling, as well as simultaneously, and somewhat paradoxically[27], restricting and stigmatizing the alternative choice of independent schools.
Schooling French Islam
The first two Muslim grade schools opened in France in 2001. Today, there are around 70 such schools[28]. Similar to their 7,500-plus Catholic[29], 200-plus Jewish[30] and 30-plus Protestant[31] counterparts, Muslim schools in France teach typical school subjects as well as offer a religious education and environment.
The vast majority of Muslim schools are not state-funded. This is usually not by choice, but because they have not yet completed the required five-year waiting period[32] to apply for funding or have yet to meet the necessary academic requirements. Instead, they are funded via private donations – usually from local communities – and student tuition fees.
The proposed school reforms are applicable to all schools attempting to open or to apply for state funding. However, the political framing and discourse[33] surrounding them has been specifically linked to attenuating Islamic radicalism or separatism, leading to stigmatization[34] of France’s Muslims as well as a growing distrust and suspicion of Muslim schools.
A source of stability
When discussing the sources of radicalization in France, scholars often point to the social exclusion of Muslim youth[35], especially those from the city suburbs[36]. Some Muslim school directors told me they opened in order to provide safer, higher-quality education for youth who would otherwise attend some of France’s most poorly ranked public schools[37] found in these city suburbs.
Other Muslim schools opened with the express purpose of providing a space for Muslim girls wishing to both pursue their academic aspirations and wear a headscarf after a 2004 law banned religious symbols in public schools[38]. My research and other studies[39] have shown that the headscarf ban has negatively impacted Muslim girls beyond the realm of education.
Moreover, interviews with Muslim school teachers and former students revealed intentional programs to educate students about the coherence of French Muslim identity[40], about citizenship and French secularism as well as giving students a clear yet flexible foundation in Islam. These are strategies that some scholars[41] suggest help hedge against the lure of radicalization[42].
In a small-scale online survey I conducted in 2014[43] of 225 recent high school graduates, all former students of state-funded private Muslim high schools said that they learned about French citizenship. Only 30% of their Muslim public school counterparts and only 48% of their non-Muslim public school peers said the same. About 70% of Muslim school alumni said they were proud to be French, while only 45% of their Muslim public school peers agreed.
Former students also cited benefits of Muslim school environments, such as the absence of stigmatization present in some public schools[44], freedom to practice their religion (or not) as they so chose and an especially supportive network of teachers to help them succeed. The hardest part, for some, was leaving.
[Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter[45].]
One former student wrote, “One of the ‘disadvantages’ [of Muslim schools] is that after having spent three years in an environment where we don’t feel guilty for being Muslim, after three years [of being] far from all the discrimination and signs of Islamophobia, after three years during which we experience liberty, equality and fraternity, the return to real life and notably entering [university], can constitute a shock after such a brutal change in environment.”
There is no evidence that Muslim schools, independent schools or home-schooling are the root problems of radicalization and Islamic separatism in France. To the contrary, my research suggests many of these options provide quality educational alternatives. I believe future reform efforts would be well served to consider these schools as potential allies in the fight against both radicalization and Muslim exclusion.
References
- ^ recent terror attacks in France (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ Islamic separatism (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ limited health-related cases (www.rtl.fr)
- ^ assign national identification numbers to school-aged children (www.leparisien.fr)
- ^ France’s secular “Republican principles (www.leparisien.fr)
- ^ from the clutches of the Islamists (www.lemonde.fr)
- ^ and made opening and operating an independent private school much more difficult (www.legifrance.gouv.fr)
- ^ bill (www.senat.fr)
- ^ disproportionately affects Muslim schools (www.saphirnews.com)
- ^ Muslim schools (www.lexpress.fr)
- ^ contrary to secular French Republican norms (eduscol.education.fr)
- ^ 10 years studying French Muslim schools (www.emerson.edu)
- ^ perceived incompatibility (www.europe1.fr)
- ^ being Muslim and being French (www.lefigaro.fr)
- ^ operating budgets and teacher salaries are publicly funded (books.openedition.org)
- ^ five-year waiting period (www.education.gouv.fr)
- ^ where religious education is entirely absent (www.worldcat.org)
- ^ 1,500 independently funded private schools (www.fondationpourlecole.org)
- ^ must still teach core subjects (www.service-public.fr)
- ^ Catholic (www.la-croix.com)
- ^ About 5% (www.ecoles-libres.fr)
- ^ school choice (www.puf.com)
- ^ lack of individual attention (www.lefigaro.fr)
- ^ exceptional students (www.euronews.com)
- ^ low academic standards (www.lemonde.fr)
- ^ AP Photo/Lewis Joly (newsroom.ap.org)
- ^ paradoxically (www.fondationpourlecole.org)
- ^ 70 such schools (rmc.bfmtv.com)
- ^ 7,500-plus Catholic (enseignement-catholique.fr)
- ^ 200-plus Jewish (www.alloj.com)
- ^ 30-plus Protestant (www.ecoles-libres.fr)
- ^ five-year waiting period (www.education.gouv.fr)
- ^ discourse (www.fondationpourlecole.org)
- ^ stigmatization (apnews.com)
- ^ social exclusion of Muslim youth (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ city suburbs (www.gallimard.fr)
- ^ most poorly ranked public schools (www.letudiant.fr)
- ^ law banned religious symbols in public schools (www.legifrance.gouv.fr)
- ^ other studies (humsci.stanford.edu)
- ^ intentional programs to educate students about the coherence of French Muslim identity (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ some scholars (www.la-croix.com)
- ^ lure of radicalization (www.npr.org)
- ^ small-scale online survey I conducted in 2014 (open.bu.edu)
- ^ stigmatization present in some public schools (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Carol Ferrara, Assistant Professor, Emerson College
