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  • Written by Katrina Burgess, Associate Professor of Political Economy, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University

Members of a U.S.-bound migrant caravan[1] from Honduras have been detained in Guatemala and deported[2] before they could reach Mexico. Though their journey was cut short, the formation of a new caravan reveals that – as in 2018 and 2019 – Central Americans are still fleeing violence, hunger and climate change[3] en masse.

The crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border also persists despite the coronavirus drawing media attention toward other matters. As a scholar of Mexican migration[4], I have watched the pandemic create new hardships for immigrants[5] while giving the Trump administration leeway to impose further restrictions on the rights of migrants and asylum-seekers.

The result is a continuation of dehumanizing and dangerous conditions on the border, with less public scrutiny than ever.

Crisis at the border

During my research for a 2019 documentary, “Waylaid in Tijuana[6],” I observed firsthand the difficult conditions facing thousands of migrants and asylum-seekers who were stranded at the U.S.-Mexico border well before the pandemic.

Under international and domestic law[7], the United States must offer asylum to people with a “well-founded fear” of persecution based on their political beliefs, racial or ethnic background, religion or other special characteristics that make them a target for violence[8].

But in April 2018, the Trump administration began “metering” asylum-seekers[9] by requiring that they get on a waiting list for their initial appointment with U.S. officials. By August 2019, 25,000 people were on the list[10], mostly in Tijuana. In February 2020, just before the global pandemic was declared, 15,000 people were still waiting.

Nine months after metering began, the Trump administration introduced the Migration Protection Protocols[11], which require asylum-seekers who pass their initial interview to return to Mexico to wait for each subsequent court hearing. By March 2020, over 65,000 asylum-seekers[12] had been returned to Mexico, mostly through ports of entry in Texas.

Under pressure from the Trump administration, the Mexican government acceded[13] to this policy, giving asylum-seekers the right to wait for their interview in Mexico. Migrants in the caravans that arrived in late 2018 and early 2019 were also given a special work permit.

A family stands in the rain under umbrellas and tarps, behind a school bus Hondurans, part of a U.S.-bound migrant caravan, outside a migrant shelter in San Marcos, Guatemala, on Oct. 3. Alfredo Estrella/AFP via Getty Images[14]

But the Mexican government has since drastically curtailed these permits[15], and today’s migrants receive almost no government support. The lucky ones find food and lodging at a church-run migrant shelter, an informal job waiting tables or working construction and access to health care and legal counsel through local or U.S.-based nonprofit organizations.

Most migrants are not so lucky. Shelters cannot keep up with the demand, leaving thousands on the streets or in tent camps with no plumbing or electricity, especially along the Texas border[16]. Asylum-seekers outside the shelters rarely have access to social assistance or legal counsel.

Asylum-seekers are also targeted by criminals and local police for extortion, mugging, kidnapping and assault[17] – adding another layer of trauma to the violence suffered back home and along their journey[18]. During the interviews with asylum-seekers conducted for “Waylaid in Tijuana,” my colleagues and I could see the fear and anxiety in their body language.

Barred by the pandemic

These two policies – the metering system and the Migration Protection Protocols – had vastly reduced Central American migrants’ chances of gaining asylum in the U.S. even before the pandemic. As of August 2020, only 570 of the 44,000 asylum-seekers[19] sent back to Mexico whose cases had been decided were granted refuge in the U.S. That’s an approval rate of 1.3%, compared with 21% in 2018[20] for asylum-seekers from El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala.

The pandemic has now enabled the Trump administration to effectively end asylum[21] as an avenue for Central Americans to legally enter the United States.

In March 2020 the Department of Homeland Security closed the waiting lists for asylum interviews and suspended asylum hearings[22]. The Trump administration also invoked Title 42[23], a little-used rule of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention intended to prevent the spread of infectious disease, to expel all migrants who cross the U.S.-Mexico border immediately and without the hearing to which many of them would normally be entitled[24].

Under this rule, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has turned away more than 147,000 people[25] since March, over the objections of top scientists[26]. Most of the migrants, including non-Mexicans, are stuck in Mexico.

[Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter and get expert takes on today’s news, every day.[27]]

That puts even more pressure on Mexico’s already overextended shelters[28], many of which stopped taking new residents or closed down completely when the pandemic hit.

And with much of Mexico’s economy on lockdown, jobs are nearly impossible to find. A recent International Labor Organization report[29] finds Mexico lost 10.4 million informal jobs during the first two months of the pandemic, particularly in areas like hospitality and construction that used to employ migrants.

A woman sweeps the concrete floor amid rows of tents An asylum-seeker cleans up at the Juventud 2000 migrant shelter in Tijuana, Mexico, on April 3. Guillermo Arias/AFP via Getty Image[30]

Dual crises

Despite the obvious health risks, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol continues to require that migrants check in regularly at ports of entry[31] to keep their asylum cases active. Yet pandemic restrictions[32] mean U.S.-based aid workers and lawyers are unable to cross the border to help their clients.

Mexico, like the U.S., is struggling to contain COVID-19[33]; over 81,000 people have died of the disease[34]. Many asylum-seekers waiting at the border cannot practice social distancing in crowded encampments or apartments and have nowhere to turn if they get sick.

Hunger, sickness, violence and generally dangerous conditions in Central America[35] mean many asylum-seekers will brave the obvious health risks at the U.S.-Mexico border rather than return home. And others, like the migrants in the new Honduran caravan, will continue to flee.

The U.S. asylum system has been crippled by politics and the pandemic while the humanitarian crisis at the border continues.

References

  1. ^ U.S.-bound migrant caravan (www.theguardian.com)
  2. ^ detained in Guatemala and deported (www.cbsnews.com)
  3. ^ Central Americans are still fleeing violence, hunger and climate change (theconversation.com)
  4. ^ scholar of Mexican migration (fletcher.tufts.edu)
  5. ^ pandemic create new hardships for immigrants (www.bloomberg.com)
  6. ^ Waylaid in Tijuana (waylaidintijuana.net)
  7. ^ domestic law (www.uscis.gov)
  8. ^ other special characteristics that make them a target for violence (theconversation.com)
  9. ^ “metering” asylum-seekers (www.strausscenter.org)
  10. ^ were on the list (www.strausscenter.org)
  11. ^ Migration Protection Protocols (www.dhs.gov)
  12. ^ over 65,000 asylum-seekers (trac.syr.edu)
  13. ^ Mexican government acceded (www.nytimes.com)
  14. ^ Alfredo Estrella/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  15. ^ drastically curtailed these permits (www.washingtonpost.com)
  16. ^ especially along the Texas border (www.texastribune.org)
  17. ^ kidnapping and assault (www.thisamericanlife.org)
  18. ^ along their journey (theconversation.com)
  19. ^ only 570 of the 44,000 asylum-seekers (trac.syr.edu)
  20. ^ 21% in 2018 (trac.syr.edu)
  21. ^ effectively end asylum (www.propublica.org)
  22. ^ suspended asylum hearings (www.americanbar.org)
  23. ^ Title 42 (www.cdc.gov)
  24. ^ without the hearing to which many of them would normally be entitled (digital.sandiego.edu)
  25. ^ more than 147,000 people (www.cbp.gov)
  26. ^ over the objections of top scientists (thehill.com)
  27. ^ Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter and get expert takes on today’s news, every day. (theconversation.com)
  28. ^ overextended shelters (observatoriocolef.org)
  29. ^ recent International Labor Organization report (www.ilo.org)
  30. ^ Guillermo Arias/AFP via Getty Image (www.gettyimages.com)
  31. ^ check in regularly at ports of entry (www.law360.com)
  32. ^ pandemic restrictions (observatoriocolef.org)
  33. ^ struggling to contain COVID-19 (www.bbc.com)
  34. ^ 81,000 people have died of the disease (www.eluniversal.com.mx)
  35. ^ Hunger, sickness, violence and generally dangerous conditions in Central America (www.bloomberg.com)

Authors: Katrina Burgess, Associate Professor of Political Economy, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University

Read more https://theconversation.com/migrant-caravans-restart-as-pandemic-deepens-the-humanitarian-crisis-at-the-us-mexico-border-146893

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