Pandemic school funding debate in South Carolina rekindles Jim Crow-era controversy
- Written by David W. Dangerfield, Assistant Professor of History, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie
Senator Strom Thurmond addresses a classroom in South Carolina, October 20, 1996.
Alan Weiner/Liaison via Getty Images[1]
As schools across America wrestle with COVID-19, the pandemic has fueled a debate over funding for private and public K-12 schools[2]. In South Carolina, the discussion has revived a bitter chapter from the Jim Crow era while highlighting the ways systemic racism has undermined public education[3] in the state.
This summer Education Secretary Betsy DeVos attempted to direct[4] a large share of the US$13.5 billion in federal coronavirus relief[5] to private schools. DeVos did so by basing funding on schools’ total number of students rather than the number of low-income students.
U.S. District Court judges[6] thwarted that plan[7]. Law professor Derek Black called it an attempt to use the pandemic to advance the secretary’s “agenda to expand private education[8].”
But DeVos hedged her bets by directing large sums of CARES Act dollars[9] into the Governor’s Emergency Education Relief Fund[10] that governors in several states – including Florida, New Hampshire and Oklahoma[11] – are delivering to private schools.
South Carolina’s governor, Henry McMaster, supports DeVos. On July 16 McMaster hosted the education secretary, who promoted “school choice[12],” which creates subsidies for parents to send their children to private schools. Four days later, McMaster announced he would take $32 million of his $48.5 million education discretionary fund to provide tuition grants[13] for students at private schools.
The grants would provide up to $6,500 for private school tuition[14] to more than 5,000 South Carolina families with an adjusted gross income of 300% or less of the federal poverty level. So, for example, a family of four with an annual household income of $78,600 or less would qualify.
Public school supporters blasted McMaster[15] for neglecting “shamefully underfunded” public schools[16]. They point out that two-thirds of his discretionary funds would go to private schools that serve roughly 68,000 students[17], of whom only 14% are minorities. This compares with public schools that enroll more than 10 times as many students, 50% of whom are minorities[18].
As a scholar of South Carolina history[19], I am struck by the similarities between today’s arguments for tuition grants and those made in the Jim Crow era – and by the ways that resistance to civil rights continues to echo in debates over public education[20].
A ‘fractured formula’
Race often dominates public education debates in South Carolina. Rural counties along Interstate 95 are deemed “the corridor of shame[21]” for their crumbling school buildings, poor academic performance and generational poverty.
Responding to school funding laws created after desegregation, the state’s Supreme Court found in 2014[22] that the “fractured formula” created in 1977 to determine public school funding was failing to provide a “minimally adequate” education for nearly all students.
Subsequent legislative appointments to the bench have tilted the court’s balance to the right, and the decision was overturned[23] in 2017, meaning, as far as the courts are concerned, the Legislature is under less pressure to overhaul public school funding.
Still, South Carolina’s lawmakers are wrestling[24] with how to equitably fund public education. Local districts still derive portions of their budgets from property taxes[25]. That means poorer, often minority-dominant districts operate with less. Smaller budgets mean school quality is diminished – as are property values – in a pernicious downward cycle.
The leading proponents of McMaster’s tuition grants come from the conservative lobbyist group Palmetto Promise Institute[26]. The institute’s initiatives[27] have helped shape the hotly debated 2019 and 2020 education bills in South Carolina. These measures include provisions for private school vouchers, which would provide parents quarterly payments for private school costs[28].
The institute’s CEO, Ellen Weaver, has praised the tuition grants[29] and celebrated the plan’s potential to give power over South Carolina’s education spending “to parents” rather than “central planners.”[30]
The irony in promoting equality in separate, private education[31] should not be lost on students of history.
Massive resistance
Historian John White determined 28 segregated private schools opened in South Carolina between 1963 and 1966. There were 44 by 1967. In South Carolina[32] and other states, these “segregation academies[33]” were founded in open defiance of the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education[34] decision that struck down “separate but equal” schools and signaled the beginning of desegregation.
Other acts of defiance followed. Former Sen. Strom Thurmond penned the “Southern Manifesto[35],” urging resistance to school integration. And South Carolina joined other Southern states in hoisting Confederate flags on their Statehouse grounds as symbols of their renewed rebellion. The South Carolina state Legislature, furthermore, struck down compulsory education and withheld funding[36] from public schools when courts ordered their integration, choosing no schools over mixed-race ones.
Sen. Strom Thurmond addresses a classroom in South Carolina, Oct. 20, 1996.
Alan Weiner/Liaison via Getty Images[37]
In 1963, South Carolina Gov. Donald Russell called for tuition grants for students to attend private schools if they chose not to attend integrated public schools. Then state Rep. Harold Breazeale told The State newspaper in January 1963 that the grants were “designed to upgrade public school education through competition from private schools.”
Today’s education debate in South Carolina echoes these talking points[38].
The 1963 tuition grant bill never mentioned race. But Tom Turnipseed, the first director of the state’s Independent Schools and Academies Association – who years later became a social justice advocate[39] – said the following in 2005[40]:
“We bristled with indignation when reporters referred to SCISA as an association of ‘segregated academies.’ We preferred to emphasize that we were simply putting parents in charge and giving them a choice of more educational opportunities for their children. We … wanted smaller classes and more parental involvement and input in the curriculum, as we went about naming the schools for Confederate figures.”
[Get the best of The Conversation, every weekend. Sign up for our weekly newsletter[41].]
The fight over Gov. Russell’s tuition grants lasted five years, until the Brown v. Board decision – no, not the Brown decision you’re thinking about. Brown v. the Board of Education of South Carolina in 1968[42] ended when the 4th Circuit ruled the tuition grants were an unconstitutional attempt to circumvent federally mandated integration.
The state never repealed the law. From time to time[43] it has tried to revive the grants in various forms – each time, as now, citing choice and equality. This latest effort has sparked its own legal challenge[44], and the state’s Supreme Court heard arguments[45] on Sept. 18. Attorneys representing Thomasena Adams, a public school educator, argued the grants violate the South Carolina Constitution’s prohibitions against public money supporting private schools.
South Carolina resembles many states where educational problems are frequently bound to the era of resistance to civil rights – a fact that should be confronted if disparities in public education opportunities and gerrymandered attendance lines are to be fully addressed for public schools.
References
- ^ Alan Weiner/Liaison via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ funding for private and public K-12 schools (georgiarecorder.com)
- ^ racism has undermined public education (data.postandcourier.com)
- ^ Education Secretary Betsy DeVos attempted to direct (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ US$13.5 billion in federal coronavirus relief (www.npr.org)
- ^ U.S. District Court judges (www.forbes.com)
- ^ thwarted that plan (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ agenda to expand private education (www.nydailynews.com)
- ^ CARES Act dollars (www.future-ed.org)
- ^ Governor’s Emergency Education Relief Fund (blogs.edweek.org)
- ^ Florida, New Hampshire and Oklahoma (www.heritage.org)
- ^ school choice (www.greenvilleonline.com)
- ^ provide tuition grants (www.thestate.com)
- ^ up to $6,500 for private school tuition (gsabusiness.com)
- ^ Public school supporters blasted McMaster (www.wmbfnews.com)
- ^ “shamefully underfunded” public schools (twitter.com)
- ^ 68,000 students (www.privateschoolreview.com)
- ^ 50% of whom are minorities (ed.sc.gov)
- ^ scholar of South Carolina history (www.sc.edu)
- ^ echo in debates over public education (www.charlestoncitypaper.com)
- ^ the corridor of shame (www.the74million.org)
- ^ Supreme Court found in 2014 (www.thestate.com)
- ^ decision was overturned (www.indexjournal.com)
- ^ lawmakers are wrestling (apnews.com)
- ^ budgets from property taxes (www.scstatehouse.gov)
- ^ Palmetto Promise Institute (palmettopromise.org)
- ^ The institute’s initiatives (palmettopromise.org)
- ^ quarterly payments for private school costs (www.postandcourier.com)
- ^ has praised the tuition grants (palmettopromise.org)
- ^ “to parents” rather than “central planners.” (www.wsj.com)
- ^ equality in separate, private education (www.postandcourier.com)
- ^ South Carolina (www.thestate.com)
- ^ segregation academies (www.theatlantic.com)
- ^ Brown v. Board of Education (www.oyez.org)
- ^ Southern Manifesto (www.politico.com)
- ^ struck down compulsory education and withheld funding (www.scencyclopedia.org)
- ^ Alan Weiner/Liaison via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ echoes these talking points (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ social justice advocate (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ said the following in 2005 (www.commondreams.org)
- ^ Sign up for our weekly newsletter (theconversation.com)
- ^ Brown v. the Board of Education of South Carolina in 1968 (law.justia.com)
- ^ time to time (scpolicycouncil.org)
- ^ sparked its own legal challenge (www.postandcourier.com)
- ^ heard arguments (www.usnews.com)
Authors: David W. Dangerfield, Assistant Professor of History, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie
