Stimulants: Using them to cram for exams ruins sleep and doesn't help test scores

Along with a steeper financial burden^[1] and an increasingly competitive academic environment, this year’s incoming freshman university class will likely be confronted with the pressure to take a little pill that some popular culture references say will make you “awesome at everything^[2].” Or they may eschew the temptation and rely on the standard practice of study, sleep, repeat.

Welcome to #GenerationAdderall^[3], the kids who grew up in the years of the diagnosis boom of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. As such, their formative years during this period normalized the habit and granted easy access to stimulants^[4] traditionally used to treat children with the diagnosis.

Nonprescription use of stimulants is a growing problem for young people, bringing not only a risk of overdose and addiction^[5] but also damage to sleep.

Between 2008 and 2012, nonmedical use of stimulants in 18- to 25-year-olds^[6] increased from 5.7% to 9.3%. The last two decades saw a 10-fold increase. While college-age adults show the greatest prevalence, up to 20% of those 12 and up^[7] report experience with nonmedical use of prescription drugs, indicating that the diversion of these medications for nonmedical use begins in middle and high school.

I study^[8] the important role of sleep for brain functioning and health. My work has introduced napping as a fatigue countermeasure and a powerful vehicle to boost long-term memory, creativity, executive function and restorative processes. Given the escalating campus crisis of stimulant use and damage to sleep, recent work^[9] in my lab has studied nonmedical use of stimulants in healthy young adults, and demonstrated that they’re not getting the academic edge they want, and they could be harming themselves.

A cocktail of substances leads to complications

Misusing prescription stimulants does not occur in a bubble. Compared with medical users and nonusers, adolescents who report nonmedical use of prescription drugs also engage in binge drinking^[11] more often. They also have lower academic attainment and a higher likelihood to screen positive for other substance abuse.

This is deeply troubling to those of us who study drugs’ various effects on the brain and body. Co-ingestion of prescription drugs and alcohol is linked to higher blood alcohol concentrations that cause fatal overdoses^[12], increased risk for liver and heart damage, impaired driving and traffic accidents. Indeed, emergency room visits due to nonmedical use of stimulants tripled^[13] from 5,212 visits in 2005 to 15,585 visits in 2017, due to negative side effects^[14] including nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, and cardiovascular or psychiatric problems.

Unlike opioids, the motivation to misuse stimulants is not to check out, but rather to check in at superhero scale. Nonmedical stimulant use is primarily to increase wakefulness, having been used for decades by individuals whose job description includes sleep disruption. For emergency workers, military and shift workers, long periods without sleep can cause life-threatening lapses in attention. But these extreme scenarios bear little resemblance to the desired benefits by college students, who report popping pills “to improve intellectual performance” or to “party longer and drink more^[15].”

Given these differences, a critical question is whether stimulants actually produce cognitive enhancement in healthy, well-rested people. Surprisingly, the answer is: sometimes, and only a little.

More hype than help

During the two to four hours that the drug is active, some studies in healthy, well-rested adults have shown short-term increases in attention and working memory^[16]. Some, however, have shown no benefit^[17].

In fact, some studies suggest that stimulants may simply serve to make boring tasks more interesting by acting on the dopamine system^[19]. This extra-ordinary excitement allows students to stick with a particularly arduous assignment for longer periods of time than they normally would, which may promote the feeling of being smarter, as well as increasing the potential for addiction^[20].

The question then becomes: Does the cognitive enhancement of stimulants exceed the significant long-term toll on sleep and the cognitive and health processes that rely on sleep?

Research in my lab^[21] has shown that there are significant trade-offs of long-term sleeplessness for this small uptick in attention. We show that even a morning dose – or at 9 a.m. – harms nighttime sleep. This is particularly true for deep sleep, which is important for complex thinking, long-term memory, immune function and physical restoration.

Additionally, stimulants reduce performance improvements on cognitive tasks that overnight sleep confers, such as improvement in working memory and long-term memory. This reduction is directly related to the decrease in deep sleep^[22]. Therefore, even when stimulants are taken earlier in the day, they disrupt nighttime sleep and subsequent cognitive performance.

So, is the fleeting benefit from stimulants worth the damage to sleep and long-term cognitive and health processes? Is the risk of increased substance abuse that comes with misuse of stimulants tolerable? Is it easier to be a superhero by taking a pill to stay awake and a pill to go to sleep than to simply get enough sleep?

Many students will likely be faced with these questions at college this year. As university leaders, counselors, parents, teachers, coaches and peers, it’s our job to help them make an informed decision.

As a sleep expert and cognitive neuroscientist, I think the answer to all these questions is: No.

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References

1. ^{^} financial burden (www.forbes.com)
2. ^{^} “awesome at everything (www.imdb.com)
3. ^{^} #GenerationAdderall (www.nytimes.com)
4. ^{^} granted easy access to stimulants (www.additudemag.com)
5. ^{^} risk of overdose and addiction (www.drugabuse.gov)
6. ^{^} 18- to 25-year-olds (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
7. ^{^} 12 and up (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
8. ^{^} I study (scholar.google.com)
9. ^{^} recent work (scholar.google.com)
10. ^{^} Jacob Lund/Shutterstock.com (www.shutterstock.com)
11. ^{^} binge drinking (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
12. ^{^} fatal overdoses (www.sciencedirect.com)
13. ^{^} tripled (www.samhsa.gov)
14. ^{^} side effects (www.fda.gov)
15. ^{^} “to improve intellectual performance” or to “party longer and drink more (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
16. ^{^} working memory (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
17. ^{^} no benefit (www.sciencedirect.com)
18. ^{^} Tero Vesalainen/Shutterstock.com (www.shutterstock.com)
19. ^{^} dopamine system (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
20. ^{^} addiction (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
21. ^{^} my lab (www.sleepandcognitionlab.com)
22. ^{^} decrease in deep sleep (www.sciencedirect.com)
23. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)