A giant leap for humankind -- future Moon missions will include diverse astronauts and more partners

As NASA celebrates the 50th anniversary of the historic Moon landing with a live TV broadcast and events^[1], there is a focus on recognizing the contributions of the thousands of men and women^[2] who made the Apollo 11 mission possible. This year is particularly significant for the legacy of the Apollo program because of the president’s Space Policy Directive 1^[3], which tasks NASA with returning to the Moon by 2024^[4]. This time, the mandate requires establishing a permanent lunar base and advancing space exploration to Mars and across the solar system^[5].

As a space law and policy professor, I see positive differences with this new goal compared to the earlier space race: a focus on international cooperation, industry and astronaut diversity to achieve sustainable space exploration.

Inclusive US space policy

While the presidential proclamation calls for returning American astronauts to the Moon^[6], NASA is no longer in it alone. Directive 1 invites commercial and international partnerships. NASA’s return mission will also include both men and women astronauts^[7], leading to the first woman^[8] to step on the Moon. I think this inclusive vision invokes a refreshingly equitable interpretation toward human footprints on the Moon and the collective role of humanity in space.

Already companies like SpaceX^[9], Blue Origin^[10] and Made in Space^[11] have partnered with NASA to provide advanced technologies and services necessary to extend life in space. This includes 3D printing^[12] and space transportation^[13]. In June, NASA announced new opportunities for civilian astronauts and commercial scientific research on the ISS National Lab^[14]. Currently, more than 50 companies engage in research and development^[15] for a range of commercial, pharmaceutical^[16] and educational^[17] purposes.

These are positive steps, but what the space sector still needs to improve for space exploration^[18] is to equalize the gender imbalance in NASA^[19] and STEM fields. This is more challenging because women comprise only 20% of space industry employees^[20] and 30% of the workforce in STEM research and development^[21] globally. Women are further excluded when the equipment, like smaller-sized spacesuits^[22], isn’t designed for them. But this challenge also presents an opportunity for government and industry^[23] to work together to close the gender data and technology gap. This is necessary to ensure the requisite space hardware and technologies exist for a new diverse body of NASA and civilian astronauts.

Space for all humankind

The benefits of fostering an inclusive framework for space exploration^[24] are already recognized. Both the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs^[25] and NASA state that innovation and diversity drive exploration^[26].

The 20-year old International Space Station, for instance, is a successful experiment^[27] in international cooperation in space and science. No one nation could have accomplished this alone.

Inclusivity is particularly visible in the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs’ programs and language, where “humankind” is used instead of “mankind.” Its Space for Women Project^[28] seeks to ensure that space benefits everyone and that women play an active and equal role in space and exploration. Fairness and inclusion^[29] are, after all, important aspects of a stable society^[30]. Inclusivity also supports international policymaking at the state level. Russia recently decided to join U.N. efforts to define guidelines of behavior in space^[31] to avoid being excluded from rule-making.

Back in 2016, the European Space Agency proposed a Moon Village^[32] to promote international harmony. The European Space Agency’s vision is to unite interested parties and nations to establish a sustainable Moon base for science and commercial purposes. In April, SOM, an urban planning company, and MIT presented the first concept design^[33] for this village.

Private ventures, too, benefit from promoting diversity in space. Germany is seeking to send its first female astronaut^[34] to the ISS through a consortium of commercial sponsors and crowd-funding. Diversity and inclusivity are everyone’s concern.

Reframing the narrative for space

Multiplicity of voices and perspectives matters for understanding space. Online media platforms, including Shespeaksscience^[35], Everydayastronaut^[36] and Madam Mars^[37], are weaving space images, science, information, cultural references and stories together to educate and inspire people’s interest in space and exploration.

Even nonhuman icons play a role in expanding space diversity. When NASA endowed Curiosity with its own identity and Twitter account^[38], the rover’s science and exploration of Mars exploded on social media with more than 4 million followers^[39]. People connected with the rover’s personalized voice and daily narrative^[40]. What is less known is that Curiosity’s feed is run by three women^[41] at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory^[42]. Diversity of voice and perspective allows people to connect, learn and understand. Perhaps other future technologies and AI will play a role in furthering our notions of space, exploration and diversity.

Undoubtedly, the use of space improves life on Earth^[43]. But we also need human explorers in space^[44] to derive the greatest benefits. An inclusive approach is most likely to succeed. After all, returning to the Moon is only the beginning.

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References

1. ^{^} live TV broadcast and events (www.nasa.gov)
2. ^{^} thousands of men and women (www.bbc.com)
3. ^{^} Space Policy Directive 1 (www.whitehouse.gov)
4. ^{^} returning to the Moon by 2024 (www.washingtonpost.com)
5. ^{^} to Mars and across the solar system (www.nasa.gov)
6. ^{^} returning American astronauts to the Moon (www.washingtonpost.com)
7. ^{^} men and women astronauts (www.nasa.gov)
8. ^{^} first woman (www.space.com)
9. ^{^} SpaceX (www.spacex.com)
10. ^{^} Blue Origin (www.nasa.gov)
11. ^{^} Made in Space (madeinspace.us)
12. ^{^} 3D printing (fedtechmagazine.com)
13. ^{^} space transportation (www.nasa.gov)
14. ^{^} ISS National Lab (www.issnationallab.org)
15. ^{^} 50 companies engage in research and development (www.nasa.gov)
16. ^{^} commercial, pharmaceutical (www.issnationallab.org)
17. ^{^} and educational (www.nasa.gov)
18. ^{^} space exploration (www.space.com)
19. ^{^} NASA (aviationweek.com)
20. ^{^} women comprise only 20% of space industry employees (www.unoosa.org)
21. ^{^} 30% of the workforce in STEM research and development (uis.unesco.org)
22. ^{^} like smaller-sized spacesuits (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} government and industry (www.cnn.com)
24. ^{^} benefits of fostering an inclusive framework for space exploration (hbr.org)
25. ^{^} U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs (www.unoosa.org)
26. ^{^} innovation and diversity drive exploration (www.nasa.gov)
27. ^{^} successful experiment (www.cnet.com)
28. ^{^} Space for Women Project (www.unoosa.org)
29. ^{^} Fairness and inclusion (www.ted.com)
30. ^{^} a stable society (www.nytimes.com)
31. ^{^} define guidelines of behavior in space (breakingdefense.com)
32. ^{^} Moon Village (www.esa.int)
33. ^{^} first concept design (www.som.com)
34. ^{^} Germany is seeking to send its first female astronaut (dieastronautin.de)
35. ^{^} Shespeaksscience (www.shespeaksscience.com)
36. ^{^} Everydayastronaut (everydayastronaut.com)
37. ^{^} Madam Mars (madamemarsfilm.com)
38. ^{^} Curiosity with its own identity and Twitter account (www.npr.org)
39. ^{^} 4 million followers (twitter.com)
40. ^{^} personalized voice and daily narrative (www.npr.org)
41. ^{^} three women (www.npr.org)
42. ^{^} Jet Propulsion Laboratory (www.jpl.nasa.gov)
43. ^{^} space improves life on Earth (www.weforum.org)
44. ^{^} we also need human explorers in space (theconversation.com)
45. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)