Could black philanthropy help solve the black student debt crisis?

When billionaire Robert E. Smith decided to pay off the student loans^[1] of the graduating class of 2019 at Morehouse College, he suggested that others follow his lead.

“Let’s make sure every class has the same opportunity going forward, because we are enough to take care of our own community,” Smith declared in his commencement speech^[2].

But is there even enough black private wealth in the United States to pay off all black student loan debt?

As a scholar in social transformation and African American studies^[3], I’m intrigued by this question. It provides an opportunity to examine black wealth, higher education and the possibilities for alleviating debt, which in turn opens the door to new economic opportunities.

Black celebrities give to higher education

Smith’s gift is estimated to be worth US$40 million and will benefit 396 students^[4].

That’s a lot of money, and he’s done it before. Before his gift to Morehouse, Smith donated $50 million to Cornell University^[5], his alma mater, in part to support African American and female students at Cornell University’s College of Engineering.

Other black celebrities have also stepped up to fund education. Powerhouse couple Beyonce and Jay Z^[6] gave more than $1 million in scholarships to students who lived in cities they were touring in 2018.

Rapper Nicki Minaj^[7] gave 37 “Student of the Game” scholarships. LeBron James^[8], through his foundation, promised to pay for 2,300 students to attend the University of Akron – at an estimated price tag of $100 million. Oprah Winfrey^[9] has donated more than $400 million to educational causes.

But with just five black billionaires in the United States^[10] – Smith, Winfrey, David Steward^[11], Michael Jordan^[12] and Jay-Z^[13] – monumental gifts like the one that Smith made will likely be few and far between.

Is Smith’s claim that “we are enough to take care of our own community” true of all the black wealth in the U.S.?

Philanthropy among African Americans

A strong heritage of black philanthropy^[14] dates back to mutual aid societies^[15] of the 1700s and 1800s in which free blacks sought to help fellow blacks facing hardships or distress and, in later years, in need of education and job training.

Black charitable giving also arose from the black church^[16] and fraternal organizations^[17] throughout the 1800s and 1900s with movements such as abolitionism, the Black Women’s Club Movement^[18] and the civil rights movement.

Mary Church Terrell, the first president of the National Association of Colored Women, described how charitable organizations had “a keen sense of the responsibility” to secure economic and educational resources, “lifting as we climb” up the ladder of social mobility. This ethic of giving was also present among the early black economic elite such as Thomy Lafon^[19], Madame C.J. Walker^[20] and James Forten^[21].

Black giving remains strong^[22] to this day. Despite racial wealth gaps^[23], black families contribute larger portions of their wealth^[24] than any other racial and ethnic group. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation reports that two-thirds of all black households^[25] donate to charitable causes. This giving amounts to about $11 billion annually, most of which goes to religious organizations.

But how much of it goes to higher education? African Americans across the socioeconomic spectrum report^[26] donating 17% to education – both K-12 and post-secondary institutions and scholarship funds. That adds up to about $1.8 billion donated annually.

Counting black millionaires

The percentage of black households worth over $1 million^[27] has remained at or below 2% since 1992, or about 877,000 based on 2018 population estimates^[28].

Among black high net worth households – those with a net worth of more than $1 million (not counting the value of their primary home) or with an annual household income of $200,000 – 49%^[29] report giving to higher education. This is significant since across all racial groups, the share of dollars^[30] donated by high net worth individuals to higher education was only 4%.

Black student loan debt

Student loan debt in the U.S. reached an all-time high in 2019, making it the second-highest consumer debt^[31] category behind mortgage debt. Over 44 million borrowers owe roughly $1.5 trillion in student loan debt.

Looking at 2016 data, 86.4% of blacks^[32] completing a bachelor’s degree^[33] had some form of student loan debt, and the average amount borrowed^[34] was $34,010. If we multiply the total number of blacks that graduated with some form of debt – roughly 168,000 – by the average amount borrowed per individual, the average cumulative debt for this one graduating class was roughly $5.7 billion. This includes graduates from all colleges – public as well as private – but not community colleges.

Of course, looking at it at the most basic level, the collective wealth^[35] among America’s black billionaires – which totals $13.4 billion with the recent addition of Jay-Z^[36] – can easily subsidize the debt of a single graduating class.

And while a more sophisticated calculation is undoubtedly warranted, a rough estimate shows that the $5.7 billion in black student debt could be covered by America’s black millionaire households if each one chose to devote $6,500 toward eliminating the overall debt.

Of course, the debt load for black students goes far beyond one graduating class. The majority of blacks in the labor force that hold a bachelor’s degree or higher^[37] have some form of student loan debt. This means that the figures for the entire black population with outstanding student loan debt across generations are significantly higher than $5.7 billion.

Robert Smith’s gift to the class of 2019 at Morehouse provoked an interesting discussion about whether black philanthropy can alleviate black student loan debt. However, one-off philanthropic efforts that help a small group of beneficiaries can’t compete with the kind of large-scale change needed to alter the course of an entire community.

References

1. ^{^} pay off the student loans (www.cnn.com)
2. ^{^} commencement speech (www.youtube.com)
3. ^{^} social transformation and African American studies (www.researchgate.net)
4. ^{^} worth US$40 million and will benefit 396 students (www.forbes.com)
5. ^{^} $50 million to Cornell University (news.cornell.edu)
6. ^{^} Beyonce and Jay Z (www.prnewswire.com)
7. ^{^} Nicki Minaj (www.billboard.com)
8. ^{^} LeBron James (www.businessinsider.com)
9. ^{^} Oprah Winfrey (www.insidephilanthropy.com)
10. ^{^} black billionaires in the United States (www.blackenterprise.com)
11. ^{^} David Steward (www.forbes.com)
12. ^{^} Michael Jordan (www.forbes.com)
13. ^{^} Jay-Z (www.forbes.com)
14. ^{^} heritage of black philanthropy (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
15. ^{^} mutual aid societies (nationalhumanitiescenter.org)
16. ^{^} the black church (link.springer.com)
17. ^{^} fraternal organizations (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
18. ^{^} Black Women’s Club Movement (www.encyclopedia.com)
19. ^{^} Thomy Lafon (blackthen.com)
20. ^{^} Madame C.J. Walker (www.womenshistory.org)
21. ^{^} James Forten (www.encyclopedia.com)
22. ^{^} strong (www.urban.org)
23. ^{^} racial wealth gaps (socialequity.duke.edu)
24. ^{^} contribute larger portions of their wealth (www.urban.org)
25. ^{^} two-thirds of all black households (www.d5coalition.org)
26. ^{^} report (www.thenonprofittimes.com)
27. ^{^} black households worth over $1 million (www.washingtonpost.com)
28. ^{^} 2018 population estimates (www.census.gov)
29. ^{^} 49% (www.privatebank.bankofamerica.com)
30. ^{^} share of dollars (mlaem.fs.ml.com)
31. ^{^} second-highest consumer debt (www.forbes.com)
32. ^{^} 86.4% of blacks (1xfsu31b52d33idlp13twtos-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com)
33. ^{^} bachelor’s degree (nces.ed.gov)
34. ^{^} average amount borrowed (1xfsu31b52d33idlp13twtos-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com)
35. ^{^} collective wealth (www.forbes.com)
36. ^{^} Jay-Z (www.forbes.com)
37. ^{^} blacks in the labor force that hold a bachelor’s degree or higher (www.bls.gov)