The 'Zoom effect' and the possible link between videochatting and appearance dissatisfaction
- Written by Emily Hemendinger, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a new era of digital connection: In the absence of in-person gatherings, many people instead found themselves face-to-face with their co-workers and loved ones on a screen.
Videoconferencing has provided many benefits and conveniences. However, it isn’t surprising that constantly seeing ourselves on screens might come with some downsides as well.
Prior to the pandemic, studies showed that surgeons were seeing increasing numbers of patients requesting alterations of their image[1] to match filtered or doctored photos from social media apps. Now, several years into the pandemic, surgeons are seeing a new boom of cosmetic surgical requests related to videoconferencing. In one study of cosmetic procedures during the pandemic, 86% of cosmetic surgeons reported videoconferencing as the most common reason for cosmetic concerns[2] among their patients.
Despite the fact that many aspects of life have returned to some version of pre-pandemic normal, it’s clear that videoconferencing and social media will be with us for the foreseeable future. So what does that mean when it comes to appearance satisfaction and making peace with the image that’s reflected back at us?
For the past 10 years, I have worked as a specialist in obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders and anxiety[3]. Since the pandemic, I, too, have seen increasing numbers of therapy clients reporting that they struggle with appearance concerns related to videochatting and social media[4].
Zooming in on image and appearance dissatisfaction
Every person has perceptions and thoughts about their appearance. These can be neutral, negative or positive. We all look at ourselves in the mirror[5] and may have even experienced distress while looking at our reflection.
There are a number of factors that may lead to appearance dissatisfaction. A preoccupation with thoughts, feelings or images of one’s own appearance is linked to the action of “mirror gazing,”[6] or staring at one’s reflection. Researchers suggest that this type of selective self-focused attention and mirror gazing can lead to negative fixations[7] on specific attributes or minor flaws, which in turn intensify the preoccupation with these attributes.
Other factors that can contribute to appearance dissatisfaction include low self-esteem[8], societal beliefs[9] around appearance, peer[10] and parental influences[11], temperament[12] and genetic predispositions to mental health conditions[13].
Appearance dissatisfaction and negative evaluations of self are associated with depression, lower self-esteem[14], habitual negative thinking[15] and increased social anxiety[16]. What’s more, research suggests that these preoccupations can contribute to the development of eating disorders[17] and disordered eating behaviors, such as frequently restricting food intake or exercising without refueling.
Some people who are unhappy with their Zoom appearance are turning to anti-anxiety medication and even cosmetic surgery.The ‘Zoom’ effect
With the ubiquity of Zoom meetings, FaceTime calls, selfies and the constancy of documenting our lives on social media, access to our own image can often feel inescapable. And for some people, this can magnify feelings of appearance dissatisfaction that may have been more fleeting before the Zoom era.
Since the pandemic, screen time has increased for both adults[18] and children[19]. What’s worse, recent research suggests that the video and photo reflections[20] we see of ourselves are distorted[21].
Videoconferencing, taking selfies and posting on social media are visually based activities where appearance is often the primary focus[22]. All of them have in common the fact that a person’s image is either live or shared in an immediate manner. Perhaps not surprisingly, these image-based platforms have been significantly associated with appearance dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression and eating disorders[23].
One study found that those who engaged in more videochatting appearance comparisons, meaning those who looked at others’ appearance during a video call and sized up their own appearance in comparison, experienced lower appearance satisfaction[24]. This study also found that people who used more photo-editing features on videochat platforms were more likely to compare themselves with others and spend more time looking at themselves on video calls[25].
One thing that is unique to videoconferencing is that it allows people to easily compare themselves with others[26] and watch themselves sharing and speaking in real time. A 2023 study found that discomfort with one’s appearance during videoconferencing led to an increased fixation on appearance, which in turn led to impaired work performance[27].
Researchers also suggest that appearance dissatisfaction is associated with virtual-meeting fatigue[28]. The research reports that this could be due to negative self-focused attention, cognitive overload[29] and anxiety around being stared at or being negatively evaluated based on appearance[30].
This last point is notable because of the difficulty videochatters have determining where other users are looking. Using the concept of the “spotlight effect[31]” − our tendency as humans to overestimate how much others are judging our appearance − this difficulty may lead to more anxiety and individuals believing that others are evaluating their appearance during a video call.
How to combat appearance dissatisfaction in the digital age
If you find yourself criticizing your appearance every time you hop onto a videoconference call, it may be time to evaluate your relationship with your appearance and seek out help from a qualified therapist.
Here are some questions to consider to help determine whether your thought patterns or behaviors are problematic[32]:
How much of my day is spent thinking about my appearance?
What sort of behaviors am I doing around my appearance?
Do I feel distressed if I do not perform these behaviors?
Does this behavior align with my values and how I want to be spending my time?
Another strategy is to be intentional about focusing on what other people are saying in a videoconference instead of peering at your own face.
When it comes to helping others who might be struggling with appearance dissatisfaction, it is important to focus on the person’s innate qualities beyond appearance. People should be conscious of their comments, no matter how well intentioned. Negative comments about appearance have been linked to worsened self-esteem and mental health[33]. When viewing yourself or your peers on video and social media, try focusing on the person as a whole and not as parts of a body.
Reducing screen time can make a difference as well. Research shows that reducing social media use by 50%[34] can improve appearance satisfaction in both teens and adults.
When used in moderation, videoconferencing and social media are tools to connect us with others, which ultimately is a key piece in satisfaction and well-being.
References
- ^ requesting alterations of their image (doi.org)
- ^ most common reason for cosmetic concerns (doi.org)
- ^ obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders and anxiety (som.cuanschutz.edu)
- ^ social media (theconversation.com)
- ^ ourselves in the mirror (www.discovermagazine.com)
- ^ “mirror gazing,” (doi.org)
- ^ can lead to negative fixations (doi.org)
- ^ low self-esteem (doi.org)
- ^ societal beliefs (doi.org)
- ^ peer (doi.org)
- ^ parental influences (doi.org)
- ^ temperament (doi.org)
- ^ mental health conditions (doi.org)
- ^ depression, lower self-esteem (doi.org)
- ^ habitual negative thinking (doi.org)
- ^ increased social anxiety (doi.org)
- ^ development of eating disorders (doi.org)
- ^ for both adults (doi.org)
- ^ and children (doi.org)
- ^ photo reflections (www.liebertpub.com)
- ^ are distorted (doi.org)
- ^ appearance is often the primary focus (doi.org)
- ^ appearance dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression and eating disorders (doi.org)
- ^ experienced lower appearance satisfaction (doi.org)
- ^ looking at themselves on video calls (doi.org)
- ^ compare themselves with others (doi.org)
- ^ led to impaired work performance (doi.org)
- ^ associated with virtual-meeting fatigue (doi.org)
- ^ negative self-focused attention, cognitive overload (dx.doi.org)
- ^ negatively evaluated based on appearance (doi.org)
- ^ the “spotlight effect (doi.org)
- ^ behaviors are problematic (theconversation.com)
- ^ worsened self-esteem and mental health (doi.org)
- ^ reducing social media use by 50% (doi.org)
Authors: Emily Hemendinger, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
