One-party rule in 49 state legislatures reflects flaws in democratic process
- Written by Nancy Martorano Miller, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Dayton
Across the U.S., Republicans control 30 statehouses and the Democrats control 18. That is the largest number of one-party controlled state legislatures since 1914[1].
Minnesota is currently the only state[2] where there’s not one party in control of the state legislature – Republicans have a majority in the state Senate chamber, while Democrats hold the state House chamber.
The Democrats’ so-called “blue wave” in the 2018 midterm elections was not big enough to put a major dent into the Republican’s control of state legislatures.
As a scholar of state politics[3], I believe partisan gerrymandering is a major reason why the Democratic wave fizzled as it reached the states. It is also why Democrats will likely have a difficult time regaining control in states as the redistricting process begins in 2020.
The power of partisan gerrymandering
Partisan gerrymandering[4] is the practice of drawing legislative districts that overwhelmingly favor one political party over another.
It creates safe seats for candidates of a particular party. Districts are created that contain mostly voters that support the majority party in the legislature, because in the redistricting process, the majority party gets to determine district boundaries. Recently, the Republican Party has simply been better at it.
Old congressional districts of Pennsylvania on top, and the new redrawn districts on the bottom.
AP Photo/Keith Srakocic[5]
In 2010, the Republican Party used redistricting[6] to draw state legislative district lines that helped the party hold back the 2018 blue wave.
For example, in Pennsylvania, Michigan and North Carolina, a majority of people across each state voted for Democratic state House candidates. However, the Republican party still won a large majority of the legislative seats[7].
Why?
Because Democratic voters were spread out across many districts with very few districts having a majority of Democratic voters. Democratic candidates would need to win the votes of many Republicans to win the seat.
Policy impacts of partisan gerrymandering
This historic number of state legislatures controlled by one party will have important consequences for redistricting in 2020.
In 2020, the United States government will count its citizens as it does every 10 years through the census[8].
This also marks the beginning of the 2020 redistricting[9] cycle. In 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Baker v. Carr[10] that congressional districts must be drawn to ensure that each citizen receives equal representation in Congress and in state legislatures. So congressional and state legislative district lines will be redrawn to reflect population changes documented by the census.
In most states, the state legislature is responsible for drawing the new congressional and state legislative district lines. This means that when one party controls both chambers, they are likely to draw lines that protect and increase their hold on the legislature. There is little the minority party[11] can do to stop them.
One-party control of state legislatures affects more than just redistricting. It also makes it easier for the party in power to adopt more extreme public policies[12].
In Democratic controlled states[13] like New York, these may include passage of laws that protect the rights of laborers, women, immigrants and LGBTQ people and increase restrictions on gun ownership. In Republican controlled states like Texas, laws might aim at protecting the rights of gun owners and the life of the unborn[14]. Some of these policies may not match the preferences of the greater public in a state.
When partisan gerrymandering limits electoral competition, legislators worry less about re-election. Less worry about re-election can mean less need to appeal to the full range of constituents[15] in their districts when passing laws.
For example, the influential conservative nonprofit the American Legislative Exchange Council, or ALEC, has successfully helped legislators introduce and pass legislation in many states that support a national conservative agenda. ALEC does this by writing the legislation and providing it to legislators[16].
Meanwhile, the State Innovation Exchange[17], a progressive nonprofit, provides research, training and policy expertise to state legislators interested in supporting a national progressive agenda. Their goal is to help state legislators introduce and pass progressive public policies.
Is change in the air?
Demonstrators rally in front of the Supreme Court during a redistricting case on whether Democratic lawmakers in Maryland unlawfully drew a congressional district in a way that would prevent a Republican candidate from winning.
REUTERS/Joshua Roberts[18]
As partisan gerrymandering has become more prevalent and extreme[19], citizens have become increasingly disenchanted and less supportive of the process[20].
In 2017, the League of Women Voters[21] – a nonpartisan organization that encourages informed and active participation in government – sued the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania arguing that the state’s congressional map violated the state’s constitution. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled[22] that the districts favored Republicans in a way that undercut Pennsylvania’s voters’ ability to exercise their state constitutional right to vote in free and equal elections. In the ruling, the court stated[23] that the congressional map “was designed to dilute the votes of those who in prior elections voted for the party not in power in order to give the party in power a lasting electoral advantage.”
As a result, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidated the districts and drew a more competitive map itself. The new map led to the election of a congressional delegation that better reflects the party affiliation of Pennsylvania voters.
Currently, partisan gerrymandering litigation is pending in 12 states[24]. A 2017 Brennan Center report[25] analyzed the congressional district maps. They found consistent and high partisan bias in a number of states.
In 2018, voters in Michigan, Missouri, Colorado and Utah voted to make the redistricting process nonpartisan[26]. They join Arizona, California, Idaho, Washington, Montana and Alaska in using independent redistricting commissions that are outside the influence of the legislature to draw legislative district lines. Most of these commissions have only existed since the late 1990s and early 2000s. The one exception is Washington, which adopted its independent redistricting commission[27] in 1983.
A number of states, like Ohio, have also adopted reforms[28] that give the minority party a larger voice in the process, but will still do little to stop the adoption of a partisan map. The hope is that the amount of bias will decrease.
Studies have shown that nonpartisan or bipartisan redistricting commissions lead to more competitive districts[29] and potentially better representation for citizens. Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, Colorado and Utah could be the start of a trend. The widespread adoption of nonpartisan or bipartisan commissions could lead to representation that is more responsive to citizen interests. Responsive governments are good for citizens.
References
- ^ state legislatures since 1914 (www.governing.com)
- ^ the only state (www.ncsl.org)
- ^ a scholar of state politics (scholar.google.com)
- ^ Partisan gerrymandering (www.brennancenter.org)
- ^ AP Photo/Keith Srakocic (www.apimages.com)
- ^ Republican Party used redistricting (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ legislative seats (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ the census (www.census.gov)
- ^ 2020 redistricting (redistricting.lls.edu)
- ^ Baker v. Carr (landmarkcases.c-span.org)
- ^ minority party (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ more extreme public policies (www.liebertpub.com)
- ^ Democratic controlled states (www.timesunion.com)
- ^ gun owners and the life of the unborn (www.texasgop.org)
- ^ full range of constituents (papers.ssrn.com)
- ^ writing the legislation and providing it to legislators (www.brookings.edu)
- ^ State Innovation Exchange (stateinnovation.org)
- ^ REUTERS/Joshua Roberts (pictures.reuters.com)
- ^ more prevalent and extreme (theconversation.com)
- ^ less supportive of the process (today.yougov.com)
- ^ League of Women Voters (www.lwv.org)
- ^ ruled (www.pacourts.us)
- ^ the court stated (www.pacourts.us)
- ^ 12 states (www.brennancenter.org)
- ^ 2017 Brennan Center report (www.brennancenter.org)
- ^ redistricting process nonpartisan (www.wired.com)
- ^ independent redistricting commission (www.ncsl.org)
- ^ adopted reforms (www.ncsl.org)
- ^ more competitive districts (journals.sagepub.com)
Authors: Nancy Martorano Miller, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Dayton
