How a nuclear attack on North Korea would add to global cancer epidemic
- Written by Andrew Marks, Professor of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center
With tensions high between the United States and North Korea, there is the possibility that the U.S. would launch a “tactical” nuclear strike in the Korean peninsula. There would be consequences far beyond damage to military sites proposed in such an attack.
There is, of course, the danger that North Korea would retaliate and that tensions would escalate[1]. That’s serious political fallout. As a physician scientist who has has worked with radiation for more than 30 years, I am also concerned about a cancer epidemic that would result from such an attack’s nuclear fallout.
Even without a nuclear war, the incidence of cancer[2] is already rising around the world, up by 33 percent worldwide in the past decade. This is largely due to aging of the population and environmental and behavioral patterns such as cigarette smoking. The last thing we need is more of this dreadful disease.
In my research laboratory, we use extremely small doses of radiation to image very small molecules in order to understand how the body works. All of us who work with radiation know about the lethal effects of large doses, but the radiation exposure[3] to the scientists in my laboratory is monitored very closely. Strict federal guidelines define how much radiation is considered “safe.”
During early morning walks in Seoul last year, while on sabbatical at Yonsei University, I could sense the city’s vulnerability as I heard target practice from the top of nearby hills. Seoul, with a population of 22 million, is a mere 35 miles from the North Korean border and would be affected by nuclear fallout. Indeed, it is a medical likelihood that cancer rates in Seoul and the Korean peninsula would be increased for decades following a nuclear attack.
A hill near Fukushima, Japan, that in April 2016 has been denuded by efforts at radiation decontamination following the nuclear power plant meltdown there in 2011.
Andrew Marks, CC BY-SA[4]
How nuclear fallout causes cancer
Nuclear fallout occurs when the debris from a nuclear bomb explosion rises up in the familiar mushroom cloud into the atmosphere and is then dispersed by winds over a large area. Much of what we know scientifically about nuclear fallout comes from testing nuclear bombs in remote areas, such as the Marshall Islands in the Pacific in the 1950s, where high exposures resulted in increased in colon and stomach cancers[5]. We have also learned about the effects of nuclear fallout from cancers that occurred years after the U.S. bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and from cancers diagnosed after nuclear plant meltdowns at Chernobyl and Fukushima.
High doses of radiation can cause cancer by damaging DNA[6], the carrier of the genetic code. The damage to DNA caused by radiation is magnified in children[7] because they are growing, and thus their DNA is dividing faster.
It takes years for most types of radiation-induced cancer to develop, and we might not know the full toll for decades. One long-term study found that about 5 percent of solid cancer cases[8] were attributable to radiation. And for those people who were exposed to high doses of radiation (>1 gray, or about 1,000 chest x-rays), as much as 48 percent of solid tumors in survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki[9] were attributable to radiation exposure.
Because radioactive iodine released during nuclear power plant accidents is taken up by the thyroid gland, increased incidences of thyroid cancer have been observed, for example, after the Chernobyl meltdown[10]. Indeed, the Chernobyl meltdown in 1986 has caused an approximately 30 percent increase in thyroid cancer[11]. And, Fukushima prefecture residents are already exhibiting increased rates of thyroid cancer[12] seven years after the radiation exposure there.
Epidemiological data collected following the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have documented that over the past 70 years the incidence of both solid tumors[13] and leukemias[14] have been increased by about 10 percent among survivors[15].
One of the fallacies of tactical nuclear bombs is that they will be delivered such that they explode deep underground, limiting the nuclear fallout and its effects on humans. However, the best evidence suggests that the ability of these bombs to penetrate deeply below[16] the surface is limited, and significant fallout will occur.
Scary prospects
The radiation exposure from a nuclear attack on North Korea is difficult to predict, but based on what is known from atmospheric nuclear testing from 1945 to 1980, there would be significant radioactive contamination[17] due to dispersal of radioactive debris high into the atmosphere. This would ensure that a nuclear bomb explosion would result in worldwide radioactive contamination.
The tactical nuclear weapons[18] that could be used for an attack on North Korea are up to 20 times the size of the bomb used in Hiroshima[19].
In Korea and surrounding areas subjected to the most intense nuclear fallout, the radiation dose to humans may well be higher[20] than that experienced by the 200,000 or so Japanese living near the Fukushima nuclear plant which suffered an earthquake- and tsunami-induced meltdown in 2011.
US troops and citizens in South Korea vulnerable
Any nuclear strike will result in local contamination. However, it will be impossible to completely clean up the radiation from the soil and water in the region, as has been proven in Fukushima where radioactive soil is now contained in thousands of large plastic bags[21] piled high throughout the region. Our troops and more than 230,000 U.S. civilians who live in South Korea would be at risk.
Bags filled with radioactively contaminated soil from the Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown in 2011 are piled high near Fukushima, Japan, in April 2016.
Andrew Marks, CC BY-SA[22]
Despite this attempt at decontamination by scraping the surface layer of contaminated soil and putting it into plastic bags, the ambient radiation exposure in the Fukushima[23] region remains elevated above limits considered safe for laboratory workers here in the U.S.
Moreover, streams and rivers, and animals, including birds and insects, would ensure that the contaminating radiation is spread throughout the Korean peninsula and that food crops will be contaminated. All of this has happened in Fukushima[24], where the attempted decontamination continues to be a huge and enormously costly problem for the Japanese government.
Since it is most probable that we are not sure where the targets for a tactical nuclear attack are in North Korea, there is also the possibility that nuclear contamination[25] will affect the oceans surrounding the peninsula. Following the Fukushima disaster, radiation contamination[26] in the Pacific Ocean reached the shores of California. In the waters near Fukushima, significant radiation contamination is feared to be spreading to fish[27] and other sea animals. One study[28] found that the contamination risk to seafood is low, but no one knows what the long-term consequences of this radioactive contamination will be.
I believe that these long-term health legacies must be considered along with overwhelming ethical concerns as part of the “downside” of a nuclear attack anywhere on the planet.
There are disputes about whether thousands or millions would die during a nuclear attack. What is indisputable is that any of the magnitudes of nuclear bomb explosions[29] being considered will have long lasting effects on the health of the people living in North and South Korea and likely China and Japan as well.
References
- ^ would retaliate and that tensions would escalate (www.brookings.edu)
- ^ incidence of cancer (www.cbsnews.com)
- ^ radiation exposure (www.osha.gov)
- ^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
- ^ increased in colon and stomach cancers (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ damaging DNA (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ magnified in children (www.cancer.gov)
- ^ 5 percent of solid cancer cases (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ 48 percent of solid tumors in survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ Chernobyl meltdown (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ 30 percent increase in thyroid cancer (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ thyroid cancer (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ solid tumors (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ leukemias (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ 10 percent among survivors (www.thelancet.com)
- ^ ability of these bombs to penetrate deeply below (fas.org)
- ^ significant radioactive contamination (www.thelancet.com)
- ^ tactical nuclear weapons (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ bomb used in Hiroshima (www.quora.com)
- ^ may well be higher (time.com)
- ^ thousands of large plastic bags (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
- ^ ambient radiation exposure in the Fukushima (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ Fukushima (www.sciencemag.org)
- ^ possibility that nuclear contamination (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ radiation contamination (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ contamination is feared to be spreading to fish (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ study (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ nuclear bomb explosions (www.defense.gov)
Authors: Andrew Marks, Professor of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center
