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  • Written by Kevin Johnson, Dean and Professor of Public Interest Law and Chicana/o Studies, University of California, Davis
Deportation tactics from 4 US presidents have done little to reduce the undocumented immigrant population

All modern U.S. presidents, both Republican and Democratic, have attempted to reduce the population of millions of undocumented immigrants[1]. But their various strategies have not had significant results[2], with the population hovering around 11 million[3] from 2005 to 2022.

President Donald Trump seeks to change that[4].

With harsh rhetoric[5] that has sowed fear in immigrant communities[6], and policies that ignore immigrants’ due process rights[7], Trump has pursued deportation tactics that differ dramatically[8] from those of any other modern U.S. president.

As a scholar[9] who examines the history of U.S. immigration law and enforcement, I believe that it remains far from clear whether the Trump White House will significantly reduce the undocumented population. But even if the administration’s efforts fail, the fear and damage to the U.S. immigrant community will remain.

Presidents Bush and Obama

To increase deportations, in 2006 President George W. Bush began using workplace raids. Among these sweeps was the then-largest immigration workplace operation in U.S. history at a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa[10] in 2008.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement deployed 900 agents in Postville and arrested 398 employees[11], 98% of whom were Latino. They were chained together[12] and arraigned in groups of 10 for felony criminal charges of aggravated identity theft, document fraud and use of stolen Social Security numbers. Some 300 were convicted, and 297 of them served jail sentences before being deported.

Several men seated on the ground are seen in a holding cell.
Men wait in a holding cell on June 21, 2006, in Nogales, Arizona. Spencer Platt/Getty Images[13]

In 2008, Bush also initiated Secure Communities[14], a policy that sought to deport noncitizens – both lawful permanent residents as well as undocumented immigrants – who had been arrested for crimes. Some 2 million immigrants were deported[15] during Bush’s two terms in office.

The Obama administration limited Secure Communities to focus on the removal of noncitizens convicted of felonies. It deported a record 400,000 noncitizens in fiscal year 2013[16], which led detractors to refer to President Barack Obama as the “Deporter in Chief[17].”

Obama also targeted recent entrants and national security threats[18] and pursued criminal prosecutions for illegal reentry[19] to the U.S. Almost all of these policies built on Bush’s, although Obama virtually abandoned workplace raids.

Despite these enforcement measures, Obama also initiated Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals[20], or DACA, in 2012. The policy provided relief from deportation and gave work authorization to more than 500,000 undocumented immigrants[21] who came to the United States as children.

Obama deported about 3 million noncitizens[22], but the size of the undocumented population[23] did not decrease dramatically.

The first Trump administration and Biden

Trump’s first administration broke new immigration enforcement ground in several ways.

He began his presidency by issuing what was called a “Muslim ban[24]” to restrict the entry into the U.S. of noncitizens from predominantly Muslim nations.

Early in Trump’s first administration, federal agents expanded immigration operations to include raids at courthouses[25], which previously had been off-limits.

In 2017, Trump tried to rescind DACA[26], but the Supreme Court rejected Trump’s effort[27] in 2020.

In 2019, Trump implemented the Remain in Mexico[28] policy that for the first time forced noncitizens who came to the U.S. border seeking asylum to wait in Mexico while their claims were being decided. He also invoked Title 42[29] in 2020 to close U.S. borders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Trump succeeded in reducing legal immigration numbers[30] during his first term. However, there is no evidence that his enforcement policies reduced the size of the overall undocumented population[31].

President Joe Biden sought to relax – although not abandon – some immigration enforcement measures implemented during Trump’s first term[32].

His administration slowed construction of the border wall[33] championed by Trump. Biden also stopped workplace raids[34] in 2021, and in 2023, he ended Title 42[35].

In 2023, Biden sought to respond to migration surges in a measured fashion, by temporarily closing ports of entry[36] and increasing arrests.

In attempting to enforce the borders, his administration at times pursued tough measures. Biden continued deportation efforts directed at criminal noncitizens[37]. Immigrant rights groups criticized his administration when armed Border Patrol officers on horseback were videotaped chasing Haitian migrants on the U.S.-Mexico border[38].

As of 2022, the middle of the Biden’s term, an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants lived in the U.S.[39]

Several people holding signs and an American flag walk in a protest march.
Immigration-rights activists stage a rally outside President Barack Obama’s Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee fundraiser in Los Angeles, after the president signed a bill that tightened security at the Mexico border in August 2010. Mark Ralston/AFP via Getty Images[40]

A second chance

Since his second inauguration, Trump has pursued a mass deportation campaign[41] through executive orders that are unprecedented[42] in their scope.

In January 2025, he announced an expanded, expedited removal[43] process for any noncitizen apprehended anywhere in the country – not just the border region, as had been U.S. practice since 1996.

In March, Trump issued a presidential proclamation[44] to deport Venezuelan nationals who were members of the Tren de Aragua gang[45], designated a foreign terrorist organization[46] by the State Department. In doing so, he invoked the Alien Enemies Act of 1798[47] – an act used three times in U.S. history during declared wars that empowers presidents to remove foreign nationals[48] from countries at war with the U.S.

Declaring an “invasion[49]” of migrants into the U.S. in June, Trump deployed the military[50] to assist in immigration enforcement in Los Angeles.

Trump also sought to dramatically upend birthright citizenship, the Constitutional provision that guarantees[51] citizenship to any person born in the U.S. He issued an executive order in January that would bar citizenship[52] to people born in the U.S. to undocumented parents.

Several men in military gear stand watch on the steps of a building. California National Guard members stand in formation during a protest in Los Angeles on June 14, 2025. David Pashaee/Middle East Images/AFP via Getty Images[53]

The birthright executive order has been challenged in federal court[54] and is mostly likely working its way up to the Supreme Court.

Under the second Trump administration, immigration arrests are up[55], but actual deportation numbers are in flux.

ICE in June arrested the most people in a month[56] in at least five years, roughly 30,000 immigrants. But deportations of noncitizens – roughly 18,000 – lagged behind those during the Obama administration’s record-setting year of 2013 in which more than 400,000 noncitizens were deported[57].

The gap between arrests and deportations shows the challenges the Trump administration faces in making good on his promised mass deportation campaign[58].

Undocumented immigrants often come to the U.S. to work[59] or seek safety from natural disasters[60] and mass violence[61].

These issues have not been seriously addressed by any modern U.S. president. Until it is, we can expect the undocumented population to remain in the millions.

References

  1. ^ reduce the population of millions of undocumented immigrants (www.cato.org)
  2. ^ not had significant results (cmsny.org)
  3. ^ around 11 million (www.pewresearch.org)
  4. ^ President Donald Trump seeks to change that (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  5. ^ With harsh rhetoric (www.politico.com)
  6. ^ fear in immigrant communities (calmatters.org)
  7. ^ ignore immigrants’ due process rights (www.politico.com)
  8. ^ deportation tactics that differ dramatically (www.brookings.edu)
  9. ^ a scholar (law.ucdavis.edu)
  10. ^ Postville, Iowa (iowacapitaldispatch.com)
  11. ^ deployed 900 agents in Postville and arrested 398 employees (www.nbcnews.com)
  12. ^ They were chained together (iowacapitaldispatch.com)
  13. ^ Spencer Platt/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  14. ^ Secure Communities (www.niskanencenter.org)
  15. ^ 2 million immigrants were deported (infographicsite.com)
  16. ^ 400,000 noncitizens in fiscal year 2013 (www.pewresearch.org)
  17. ^ Deporter in Chief (abcnews.go.com)
  18. ^ targeted recent entrants and national security threats (www.visaverge.com)
  19. ^ criminal prosecutions for illegal reentry (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  20. ^ Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (www.uscis.gov)
  21. ^ more than 500,000 undocumented immigrants (immigrationforum.org)
  22. ^ 3 million noncitizens (infographicsite.com)
  23. ^ the size of the undocumented population (www.pewresearch.org)
  24. ^ a “Muslim ban (www.brennancenter.org)
  25. ^ raids at courthouses (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  26. ^ rescind DACA (www.dhs.gov)
  27. ^ the Supreme Court rejected Trump’s effort (www.npr.org)
  28. ^ Remain in Mexico (www.reuters.com)
  29. ^ Title 42 (www.pewresearch.org)
  30. ^ reducing legal immigration numbers (www.cato.org)
  31. ^ reduced the size of the overall undocumented population (cmsny.org)
  32. ^ measures implemented during Trump’s first term (www.scotusblog.com)
  33. ^ slowed construction of the border wall (www.npr.org)
  34. ^ stopped workplace raids (time.com)
  35. ^ he ended Title 42 (www.npr.org)
  36. ^ closing ports of entry (abcnews.go.com)
  37. ^ continued deportation efforts directed at criminal noncitizens (www.msn.com)
  38. ^ videotaped chasing Haitian migrants on the U.S.-Mexico border (www.yahoo.com)
  39. ^ 11 million undocumented immigrants lived in the U.S. (www.pewresearch.org)
  40. ^ Mark Ralston/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  41. ^ mass deportation campaign (www.texastribune.org)
  42. ^ executive orders that are unprecedented (lawprofessors.typepad.com)
  43. ^ he announced an expanded, expedited removal (immigrationforum.org)
  44. ^ presidential proclamation (www.whitehouse.gov)
  45. ^ the Tren de Aragua gang (theconversation.com)
  46. ^ foreign terrorist organization (www.state.gov)
  47. ^ Alien Enemies Act of 1798 (theconversation.com)
  48. ^ empowers presidents to remove foreign nationals (www.brennancenter.org)
  49. ^ invasion (www.whitehouse.gov)
  50. ^ deployed the military (www.gov.ca.gov)
  51. ^ birthright citizenship, the Constitutional provision that guarantees (theconversation.com)
  52. ^ bar citizenship (www.whitehouse.gov)
  53. ^ David Pashaee/Middle East Images/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  54. ^ challenged in federal court (theconversation.com)
  55. ^ immigration arrests are up (time.com)
  56. ^ arrested the most people in a month (www.nbcnews.com)
  57. ^ record-setting year of 2013 in which more than 400,000 noncitizens were deported (www.pewresearch.org)
  58. ^ mass deportation campaign (www.whitehouse.gov)
  59. ^ Undocumented immigrants often come to the U.S. to work (www.epi.org)
  60. ^ natural disasters (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
  61. ^ mass violence (www.pbs.org)

Authors: Kevin Johnson, Dean and Professor of Public Interest Law and Chicana/o Studies, University of California, Davis

Read more https://theconversation.com/deportation-tactics-from-4-us-presidents-have-done-little-to-reduce-the-undocumented-immigrant-population-261640

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