New data tool can help scientists use limited funds to protect the greatest number of endangered species
- Written by Leah Gerber, Professor of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Sciences and Director, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Arizona State University
A large majority of Americans strongly support[1] the goal of preventing the extinction of endangered wildlife and plants. Today, over 1,600 U.S. species are listed under the Endangered Species Act[2], and more are added every year. The list includes well-known species like the manatee, grizzly bear and green sea turtle, as well as hundreds of imperiled plant species, and more than 400 species in the Hawaiian Islands[3].
In an ideal world there would be enough funding and time to restore all of these species. But federal and state governments have never received more than a fraction of the funding[4] that this would require. As a result, wildlife managers face difficult and complex choices about which species and actions to fund.
Should managers target big charismatic mammals on the brink of extinction? Low-cost, easy-to-save freshwater fish? Research into ways of saving species for which there’s currently no good turnaround strategy? There is no single answer to these questions, partly because they involve a complicated mix of science and values that affect human attitudes toward wildlife species and how well equipped agencies are to help save them. As a result, very few government agencies charged with managing species have adopted systematic methods for allocating money among species.
In a two-year project, we engaged a diverse research team[5] to work with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[6] to assess how decision science and big data could help make decisions about saving endangered species more effective and transparent. One of our results, newly published in the journal Science[7], is a decision tool that focuses on identifying cost-effective recovery plans.
Funding for managing endangered species falls far short of what would be needed to help every species at risk.
World Economic Forum/David Willms, CC BY-ND[8][9]
Lessons from Down Under
Critics argue that the Endangered Species Act is ineffective because only around one percent of species protected under the law have recovered to the point where they can be removed from the list. This is a legitimate criticism, given that recovery plans are severely underfunded. Indeed, it is remarkable that extinction has been avoided for 99 percent of listed species. It turns out, however, that recovering species from the brink of extinction is a lot harder and more expensive than conservationists once thought.
Australia and New Zealand also have numerous endangered species, too little money to conserve them all, and too many choices about how to use it. Over the past several years, these countries have developed innovative approaches that bring together all of the best information they have about the uniqueness of species, the likelihood that funding specific actions would succeed in saving them, and cost estimates for different strategies. With this information, they have produced a transparent approach to species conservation[10] that highlights opportunities for managers to allocate resources in ways that will maximize success.
In the Australian state of New South Wales, which has more than 1,000 endangered species, this prioritization process showed the benefits that new funding could achieve and led to an additional $100 million government investment[11] in wildlife conservation.
The critically endangered dusky gopher frog is found only in several small ponds in Mississippi, and is threatened by development.
USDA, CC BY[12][13]
With support from the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center[14], our team developed a funding allocation tool that could be employed for the United States. We used data for U.S. species, such as the cost of recovery plans, the likelihood that funding will actually lead to recovery, and factors like geographic region and taxonomy.
Our algorithm is based on a form of the “knapsack problem[15],” so called because it describes the challenge of filling a metaphorical backpack of limited size with a cargo that is as valuable as possible. In this case, selecting an optimal portfolio of species for funding is based on the aggregate benefits within a constrained budget.
With input data on the relative attributes of possible choices, our Recovery Explorer[16] decision tool applies our ranking algorithm to prioritize choices according to manager objectives, and then allows for visualizing and comparing the implications of various choices.
No such solution has ever been developed to date for the problem of funding recovery efforts at the national scale in the United States.
Values still matter
The Recovery Explorer can help identify cost-effective solutions to prevent as many extinctions and achieve as many recoveries as possible. But it can’t solve contentious value-based debates about which kinds of species we should be saving.
The tool provides a way to investigate alternative valuing systems, allowing users to compare the outcomes of focusing on imminent risk or long-term potential; favoring charismatic or keystone species over others; and even of seeking a balance among such objectives. Other features can be added based on deliberations by users.
In the 1940s, whooping cranes in eastern North America were reduced to just 15 birds. Using ultralight aircraft, pilots from the nonprofit organization Operation Migration guided captive-hatched and imprinted whooping cranes along a planned migration route from Wisconsin to Florida. Each crane that survived the winter in Florida returned north the following spring, and continued to migrate annually thereafter. Gradually, the number of cranes began to increase, giving hope for the species. The program ultimately was discontinued because it was expensive and the chicks it produced had a low survival rate.Since there is no systematic approach to prioritization currently used, we have thwarted facing the thorny issues about whether it’s more important to save birds or mammals, whether to focus on certain geographic areas or equally on species everywhere, or how to decide whether money is better used to save 100 species or just one. But we believe it’s better to bring these value-based questions into the light.
Society has an important role to play in determining the relative priority of different kinds of investments. Assuming that endangered species recovery is a priority, computer-assisted decision-making tools like the Recovery Explorer have enormous potential to help us save as many of the species Americans value as possible.
Scientists and policymakers[17] now have an opportunity to develop a more workable strategy to improve the Endangered Species Act. And for those species that are deemed worthy of protection, the next steps will be to promote their recovery and be willing to pay for it.
References
- ^ strongly support (doi.org)
- ^ listed under the Endangered Species Act (www.fws.gov)
- ^ Hawaiian Islands (dlnr.hawaii.gov)
- ^ more than a fraction of the funding (www.eswr.com)
- ^ a diverse research team (www.sesync.org)
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (www.fws.gov)
- ^ newly published in the journal Science (science.sciencemag.org)
- ^ World Economic Forum/David Willms (www.weforum.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ transparent approach to species conservation (www.stuff.co.nz)
- ^ an additional $100 million government investment (docplayer.net)
- ^ USDA (commons.wikimedia.org)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (www.sesync.org)
- ^ knapsack problem (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ Recovery Explorer (dx.doi.org)
- ^ policymakers (theconversation.com)
Authors: Leah Gerber, Professor of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Sciences and Director, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Arizona State University
