Is the National Guard a solution to school violence?

Every now and then, an elected official will suggest bringing in the National Guard to deal with violence that seems out of control.

A city council member in Washington suggested doing so in 2023 to combat the city’s rising violence^[1]. So did a Pennsylvania representative concerned about violence in Philadelphia in 2022^[2].

In February 2024, officials in Massachusetts requested the National Guard^[3] be deployed to a more unexpected location – to a high school^[4].

Brockton High School has been struggling with student fights, drug use and disrespect toward staff^[5]. One school staffer said she was trampled by a crowd^[6] rushing to see a fight. Many teachers call in sick to work each day^[7], leaving the school understaffed.

As a researcher who studies school discipline^[8], I know Brockton’s situation is part of a national trend of principals and teachers^[9] who have been struggling to deal with perceived increases^[10] in student misbehavior^[11] since the pandemic.

A review of how the National Guard has been deployed to schools in the past shows the guard can provide service to schools in cases of exceptional need. Yet, doing so does not always end well.

How have schools used the National Guard before?

In 1957, the National Guard blocked nine Black students’ attempts to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas^[12]. While the governor claimed this was for safety, the National Guard effectively delayed desegregation of the school – as did the mobs of white individuals outside. Ironically, weeks later, the National Guard and the U.S. Army would enforce integration and the safety of the “Little Rock Nine” on orders from President Dwight Eisenhower^[13].

One of the most tragic cases of the National Guard in an educational setting came in 1970 at Kent State University. The National Guard was brought to campus^[15] to respond to protests over American involvement in the Vietnam War. The guardsmen fatally shot four students.

In 2012, then-Sen. Barbara Boxer, a Democrat from California, proposed funding^[16] to use the National Guard to provide school security in the wake of the Sandy Hook school shooting. The bill was not passed^[17].

More recently, the National Guard filled teacher shortages^[18] in New Mexico’s K-12 schools during the quarantines and sickness of the pandemic. While the idea did not catch on nationally, teachers and school personnel in New Mexico generally reported positive experiences^[19].

Can the National Guard address school discipline?

The National Guard’s mission^[20] includes responding to domestic emergencies. Members of the guard are part-time service members who maintain civilian lives. Some are students themselves in colleges and universities. Does this mission and training position the National Guard to respond to incidents of student misbehavior and school violence?

On the one hand, New Mexico’s pandemic experience shows the National Guard could be a stopgap to staffing shortages in unusual circumstances^[21]. Similarly, the guards’ eventual role in ensuring student safety during school desegregation^[22] in Arkansas demonstrates their potential to address exceptional cases in schools, such as racially motivated mob violence. And, of course, many schools have had military personnel teaching and mentoring through Junior ROTC programs^[23] for years.

Those seeking to bring the National Guard to Brockton High School have made similar arguments^[24]. They note that staffing shortages have contributed to behavior problems.

One school board member stated^[25]: “I know that the first thought that comes to mind when you hear ‘National Guard’ is uniform and arms, and that’s not the case. They’re people like us. They’re educated. They’re trained, and we just need their assistance right now. … We need more staff to support our staff and help the students learn (and) have a safe environment.”

Yet, there are reasons to question whether calls for the National Guard are the best way to address school misconduct and behavior. First, the National Guard is a temporary measure that does little to address the underlying causes of student misbehavior and school violence^[26].

Research has shown that students benefit from effective teaching^[27], meaningful and sustained relationships with school personnel^[28] and positive school environments^[29]. Such educative and supportive environments have been linked to safer schools^[30]. National Guard members are not trained as educators or counselors and, as a temporary measure, would not remain in the school to establish durable relationships with students.

What is more, a military presence – particularly if uniformed or armed – may make students feel less welcome at school or escalate situations.

Schools have already seen an increase in militarization. For example, school police departments have gone so far as to acquire grenade launchers and mine-resistant armored vehicles^[31].

Research has found that school police make students more likely to be suspended^[32] and to be arrested^[33]. Similarly, while a National Guard presence may address misbehavior temporarily, their presence could similarly result in students experiencing punitive or exclusionary responses to behavior.

Students deserve a solution other than the guard

School violence and disruptions are serious problems that can harm students^[34]. Unfortunately, schools and educators have increasingly viewed student misbehavior as a problem^[35] to be dealt with through suspensions and police involvement.

A number of people – from the NAACP to the local mayor and other members of the school board – have criticized^[36] Brockton’s request for the National Guard. Governor Maura Healey has said she will not deploy the guard^[37] to the school.

However, the case of Brockton High School points to real needs. Educators there, like in other schools nationally, are facing a tough situation and perceive a lack of support^[38] and resources.

Many schools need more teachers and staff. Students need access to mentors and counselors. With these resources, schools can better ensure educators are able to do their jobs without military intervention.

References

1. ^{^} combat the city’s rising violence (www.fox5dc.com)
2. ^{^} violence in Philadelphia in 2022 (www.pahouse.com)
3. ^{^} requested the National Guard (www.bostonglobe.com)
4. ^{^} to a high school (htv-prod-media.s3.amazonaws.com)
5. ^{^} student fights, drug use and disrespect toward staff (www.bostonglobe.com)
6. ^{^} trampled by a crowd (www.boston.com)
7. ^{^} call in sick to work each day (www.bostonherald.com)
8. ^{^} researcher who studies school discipline (scholar.google.com)
9. ^{^} national trend of principals and teachers (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} increases (nces.ed.gov)
11. ^{^} student misbehavior (www.edweek.org)
12. ^{^} blocked nine Black students’ attempts to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (nmaahc.si.edu)
13. ^{^} orders from President Dwight Eisenhower (kinginstitute.stanford.edu)
14. ^{^} Bettmann via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
15. ^{^} National Guard was brought to campus (www.kent.edu)
16. ^{^} proposed funding (theworld.org)
17. ^{^} was not passed (www.congress.gov)
18. ^{^} filled teacher shortages (www.pbs.org)
19. ^{^} positive experiences (www.the74million.org)
20. ^{^} National Guard’s mission (nationalguard.com)
21. ^{^} National Guard could be a stopgap to staffing shortages in unusual circumstances (www.nytimes.com)
22. ^{^} during school desegregation (nmaahc.si.edu)
23. ^{^} Junior ROTC programs (www.usarmyjrotc.com)
24. ^{^} have made similar arguments (www.bostonglobe.com)
25. ^{^} board member stated (www.wcvb.com)
26. ^{^} underlying causes of student misbehavior and school violence (www.ojp.gov)
27. ^{^} benefit from effective teaching (doi.org)
28. ^{^} relationships with school personnel (www.nasbe.org)
29. ^{^} positive school environments (doi.org)
30. ^{^} linked to safer schools (doi.org)
31. ^{^} grenade launchers and mine-resistant armored vehicles (www.latimes.com)
32. ^{^} be suspended (www.ojp.gov)
33. ^{^} arrested (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
34. ^{^} that can harm students (fordhaminstitute.org)
35. ^{^} viewed student misbehavior as a problem (www.ucpress.edu)
36. ^{^} have criticized (www.bostonglobe.com)
37. ^{^} not deploy the guard (www.cbsnews.com)
38. ^{^} facing a tough situation and perceive a lack of support (www.masslive.com)