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  • Written by Emily Frazier, Assistant Professor of Human Geography and Sustainability, Missouri State University
The federal government turns to local communities to help refugees settle into the US, but community-based programs bring both possibilities and challenges

In the most significant change to U.S. refugee resettlement[1] in 40 years, the federal government is turning to the public and the private sector to help settle people who have fled their home countries[2] because of war, persecution and ongoing armed conflicts.

Today, there are more than 110 million people[3] who have been forced from their homes and countries, the highest number on record. But despite this increased need for immigrants and refugees to find homes[4], they are often blocked from entering many countries[5] because of security concerns, rising xenophobia and nativism.

Since 1980, the U.S. has had one of the largest resettlement programs in the world[6]. The federal government and 10 nonprofit organizations have worked together[7] to give immigrants and refugees the services they need to resettle. But recent controversies[8] as well as cutbacks under the Trump administration[9] have led government officials and their partners to determine that a new, complementary approach[10], one that pulls in help from communities across the country, is necessary.

As resettlement researchers[11], we have conducted research[12] on recent changes to the U.S. program[13]. Our research indicates that, while not a total solution, new community sponsorship programs – in which average citizens, acting as refugee sponsors, help refugees settle into the community – may address current flaws, such as lack of funding, in the traditional resettlement program.

Community-based refugee sponsorship programs

The Biden administration has introduced several initiatives[14] to work alongside the longstanding resettlement program that allow these citizen sponsors to directly resettle[15] refugees in their communities[16] by raising private funds for their living expenses and connecting refugees with housing, transportation and employment[17]. In the newly announced Welcome Corps program[18], for example, sponsors have to raise $2,375 for each refugee and commit three months of financial support, as well as up to 12 months of social support[19]. Community sponsorship projects, similar to Welcome Corps, have been piloted in more than 40 states and 90 communities[20].

A woman wearing a hijab sits at a desk and looks down at a piece of paper in her hand. Two people wearing winter coats sit across from her with their backs to the camera.
Rohingya refugee Rohana Ahmed works as a caseworker and translator on Jan. 10, 2019, at the Rohingya Cultural Center of Chicago, where the largest number of Rohingya refugees have resettled. Allison Joyce/Getty Images[21]

Resettlement program successes

Forms of community sponsorship have been successful in the past. For example, throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the U.S. welcomed more than 1 million refugees[22] from Southeast Asia through community sponsorship.

But by the 1980s, an economic recession and shifts in public attitudes toward refugees[23] reduced the popularity of community sponsorship. Some sponsors indicated a preference for certain racial or religious groups[24], while others faced resentment when certain refugees were perceived to be less appreciative[25] than expected.

Around the same time, Congress passed the 1980 Refugee Act[26] to standardize resettlement and shift from the community sponsorship model to the professional resettlement agencies[27] that are still active. And a new government-imposed focus on economic self-sufficiency[28] required refugees to find employment and move off government benefits as soon as possible, forcing them into low-wage, entry-level jobs, with little support to navigate the job market or society.

Government and volunteer partnership

The traditional resettlement program[29] is not without flaws. Over time, federal funding for resettlement services has dwindled. Some scholars have[30] criticized the program’s focus on self-sufficiency as inadequate[31] to support refugees’ initial and long-term needs. And cities and states new to the program[32] have been hobbled by their inexperience in resettling refugees.

People who would like to see more refugees settled in the U.S. tout new community sponsorship programs[33] as a solution to problems with the existing program. In the new Welcome Corps[34] program, for example, sponsor groups raise private funds to provide services, reducing the need for federal funding. Research indicates[35] that sponsor groups may be able help refugees with integration. But arrangements in which average citizens, not organizations, direct refugees’ settlement in the country can create unequal relationships[36] between the so-called sponsors and refugees. In our view, sponsorship outsources federal responsibilities[37] for resettlement to private citizens, which sidesteps the nation’s humanitarian commitments.

We have conducted interviews and surveys with resettled refugees, community sponsors and resettlement practitioners, including agency staff and local officials, as part of larger and ongoing studies of resettlement in the U.S.

What we have found, so far, is that there is a great deal of confusion among resettlement workers and new sponsors – about the different kinds of refugees, how they come to the U.S., what rights they have to work, what their legal status might be, and who they can turn to when they need assistance. Similarly, we found high levels of confusion among sponsors regarding who they can rely on to solve problems and get help.

Two women stand on a street holding large signs while people stand behind them. Rallygoers display signs with various languages and messages to show their support for refugees on Nov. 28, 2015, in Hartford, Conn. NurPhoto/NurPhoto via Getty Images[38]

The federal government is trying to give community sponsor groups specific guidance about where to get the help they may need. But our research shows that new sponsors often turn to the traditional resettlement agencies with their questions, which creates more work for resettlement agencies that already have heavy workloads. Community sponsorship programs were intended to function alongside the traditional resettlement program – not to add to the workload of resettlement agencies.

Our preliminary research – which one of us presented to national resettlement organizations and governmental representatives in August 2023 – suggests that community sponsorship requires a significant time commitment, ranging from three to 12 months, and many new sponsors need additional guidance to navigate the period successfully. These hurdles may prevent citizens from getting involved in the program.

Without a reliable network of people willing to help resettle refugees and a steady way to pull in more of these volunteers, the future of community sponsorship programs may be uncertain.

References

  1. ^ most significant change to U.S. refugee resettlement (welcomecorps.org)
  2. ^ fled their home countries (www.un.org)
  3. ^ 110 million people (news.un.org)
  4. ^ refugees to find homes (www.unrefugees.org)
  5. ^ they are often blocked from entering many countries (www.reuters.com)
  6. ^ largest resettlement programs in the world (www.unhcr.org)
  7. ^ 10 nonprofit organizations have worked together (www.acf.hhs.gov)
  8. ^ controversies (www.science.org)
  9. ^ cutbacks under the Trump administration (www.washingtonpost.com)
  10. ^ determine that a new, complementary approach (www.npr.org)
  11. ^ resettlement researchers (scholar.google.com)
  12. ^ conducted research (scholar.google.com)
  13. ^ recent changes to the U.S. program (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  14. ^ several initiatives (welcomecorps.org)
  15. ^ directly resettle (www.sponsorcircles.org)
  16. ^ refugees in their communities (www.uscis.gov)
  17. ^ and connecting refugees with housing, transportation and employment (welcomecorps.org)
  18. ^ Welcome Corps program (welcomecorps.org)
  19. ^ commit three months of financial support, as well as up to 12 months of social support (welcome.us)
  20. ^ in more than 40 states and 90 communities (communitysponsorshiphub.org)
  21. ^ Allison Joyce/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  22. ^ more than 1 million refugees (www.nbcnews.com)
  23. ^ shifts in public attitudes toward refugees (content.time.com)
  24. ^ preference for certain racial or religious groups (www.niskanencenter.org)
  25. ^ were perceived to be less appreciative (global.oup.com)
  26. ^ passed the 1980 Refugee Act (www.archivesfoundation.org)
  27. ^ professional resettlement agencies (www.acf.hhs.gov)
  28. ^ government-imposed focus on economic self-sufficiency (www.acf.hhs.gov)
  29. ^ traditional resettlement program (www.uscis.gov)
  30. ^ Some scholars have (www.journals.uchicago.edu)
  31. ^ criticized the program’s focus on self-sufficiency as inadequate (academic.oup.com)
  32. ^ new to the program (link.springer.com)
  33. ^ tout new community sponsorship programs (www.foreignaffairs.com)
  34. ^ Welcome Corps (welcomecorps.org)
  35. ^ Research indicates (doi.org)
  36. ^ create unequal relationships (www.tandfonline.com)
  37. ^ outsources federal responsibilities (www.newyorker.com)
  38. ^ NurPhoto/NurPhoto via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)

Authors: Emily Frazier, Assistant Professor of Human Geography and Sustainability, Missouri State University

Read more https://theconversation.com/the-federal-government-turns-to-local-communities-to-help-refugees-settle-into-the-us-but-community-based-programs-bring-both-possibilities-and-challenges-206982

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