4 factors that contributed to the record low history scores for US eighth graders

When national student test scores^[1] revealed recently that knowledge of U.S. history and civics had reached an all-time low^[2], one Republican lawmaker described the drop as an “outright failure that should concern every parent across the country^[3].”

The test scores showed that 86%^[4] of America’s eighth graders were not proficient in U.S. history, and 79%^[5] were not proficient in civics.

While one top U.S. education official described the scores as “alarming^[6],” the official rightly pointed out that the decline actually began nearly a decade ago.

In my view as a historian of education reform and policy^[7], the latest history and civics test scores were a predictable outcome. While it is difficult to establish an exact cause of the decline, here are four factors that I believe contributed to it.

1. Pandemic fears of learning loss

When students gradually began to return to their physical school buildings after they were closed when the COVID-19 pandemic began, researchers^[8], politicians^[9] and critics of teachers unions^[10] began to worry about learning loss in math and reading^[11].

Historically, when there are worries about test scores in core subjects like reading and math, other subjects become less of a priority^[12]. This deemphasis on subjects beyond reading and math has taken place before. Specifically, after the Bush-era policy No Child Left Behind became the law of the land^[13] in 2002, teachers reported that the emphasis on testing took away time and resources for social studies^[14]. They also say it threatened arts education^[15], which has been shown to benefit children’s overall academic, emotional and social well-being^[16].

2. The politicization of social studies education

At the same time that many education experts were worried about learning loss in reading and math, conservative politicians were working incessantly to limit what can be taught in social studies^[17].

In one of his first acts as governor, Virginia’s Glenn Youngkin, for example, set up an anonymous tip line^[18] for parents to report teachers who taught “divisive concepts^[19],” such as the notion that the U.S. is “fundamentally racist or sexist^[20]” or that a person from a particular race or sex bears responsibility for past actions committed by other members of the same race or sex. The tip line has since been quietly shut down^[21].

Across the country, state legislatures led by conservative politicians have adopted bills banning instruction about aspects of U.S. history that could, they believe, make white children feel “discomfort^[22]” or “guilt^[23].”

All of this has created an atmosphere of fear^[24] for the nation’s teachers, who remain largely unsure of what they can and cannot teach. For some teachers, this political context has led them to self-censor and limit^[25] what they teach about American history, potentially depriving students of a richer understanding of the nation’s politics and policy.

3. Education budget cuts

Although research has long shown that funding matters for student achievement^[26], many school districts around the country are currently struggling^[27] for adequate resources^[28].

The pandemic has amplified existing racial and economic disparities^[29] – and recent national test scores in history and civics are an extension of those disparities. Not only were the average scores on U.S. history tests lower for Black students than white ones, but the decline from 2018 scores to 2022 was 42% greater for Black students^[30]. Black students collectively lost 4.5 points, or 1.8% of their average scores, from 2018 to 2022, versus 3.5 points, or 1.29%, for white students.

And the situation was even more stark for low-income kids^[31]. Compared with 2018, children who are eligible for free or reduced lunch – a standard measure of poverty – saw their scores drop more than twice as much as they did for their higher-income peers who did not qualify for the program. Specifically, they lost five points – going from 250.5 in 2018 to 245.5 in 2022, versus just two points for those who do not qualify for free and reduced lunch, who saw their scores drop from 274 to 272 between 2018 and 2022.

4. Teacher shortages

Mounting job stress and the blaming of teachers^[32] have led many educators to leave schools altogether, generating widespread teacher shortages^[33].

Among teachers who left the profession in 2022, a record high 64% quit^[34], as opposed to being laid off or fired, leaving district and state leaders scrambling to lower requirements for substitutes^[35] in an effort to find adequate classroom support. Evidence suggests that experienced^[36], professionally trained^[37] teachers are critical for students’ academic achievement. With that in mind, low test scores in history and civics begin to make more sense.

Keys to improvement

What American kids know – or don’t – about the nation’s history and civics is a reflection not of the kids, but of the political and economic circumstances that affect their schools.

The factors that support student learning – funding^[38], qualified teachers^[39] and high-quality curricula^[40] – are well known. In my view, if history and civics scores are to improve, then what is needed is more funding for public schools, more support for professional teachers and the freeing up of educators from policies shaped by contentious political debates about what they can and can’t teach about U.S. history in America’s classrooms.

References

1. ^{^} national student test scores (nces.ed.gov)
2. ^{^} all-time low (www.axios.com)
3. ^{^} outright failure that should concern every parent across the country (edworkforce.house.gov)
4. ^{^} 86% (www.nationsreportcard.gov)
5. ^{^} 79% (www.nationsreportcard.gov)
6. ^{^} alarming (www.the74million.org)
7. ^{^} historian of education reform and policy (scholar.google.com)
8. ^{^} researchers (www.pnas.org)
9. ^{^} politicians (edworkforce.house.gov)
10. ^{^} critics of teachers unions (www.momsforliberty.org)
11. ^{^} learning loss in math and reading (www.nytimes.com)
12. ^{^} become less of a priority (eric.ed.gov)
13. ^{^} No Child Left Behind became the law of the land (georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov)
14. ^{^} took away time and resources for social studies (doi.org)
15. ^{^} threatened arts education (doi.org)
16. ^{^} benefit children’s overall academic, emotional and social well-being (www.usnews.com)
17. ^{^} limit what can be taught in social studies (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} set up an anonymous tip line (www.wtkr.com)
19. ^{^} divisive concepts (www.wtkr.com)
20. ^{^} the notion that the U.S. is “fundamentally racist or sexist (www.lawinsider.com)
21. ^{^} quietly shut down (www.npr.org)
22. ^{^} discomfort (kfor.com)
23. ^{^} guilt (time.com)
24. ^{^} fear (www.washingtonpost.com)
25. ^{^} self-censor and limit (www.americanprogress.org)
26. ^{^} funding matters for student achievement (www.chalkbeat.org)
27. ^{^} struggling (www.epi.org)
28. ^{^} adequate resources (richmond.com)
29. ^{^} existing racial and economic disparities (news.harvard.edu)
30. ^{^} Black students (www.nationsreportcard.gov)
31. ^{^} low-income kids (www.nationsreportcard.gov)
32. ^{^} blaming of teachers (www.rutgersuniversitypress.org)
33. ^{^} teacher shortages (www.washingtonpost.com)
34. ^{^} record high 64% quit (www.mckinsey.com)
35. ^{^} lower requirements for substitutes (www.theatlantic.com)
36. ^{^} experienced (www.aeaweb.org)
37. ^{^} professionally trained (epaa.asu.edu)
38. ^{^} funding (www.chalkbeat.org)
39. ^{^} qualified teachers (www.educationnext.org)
40. ^{^} high-quality curricula (www.the74million.org)