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  • Written by David S. Salisbury, Associate Professor of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability, University of Richmond
Indigenous defenders stand between illegal roads and survival of the Amazon rainforest – elections in Brazil and Peru could be a turning point

The Ashéninka woman with the painted face radiated a calm, patient confidence as she stood on the sandy banks of the Amonia River and faced the loggers threatening her Amazonian community.

The loggers had bulldozed a trail over the mahogany and cedar saplings she had planted, and blocked the creeks her community relied on for drinking water and fish. Now, the outsiders wanted to widen the trail[1] into a road to access the towering rainforests that unite the Peruvian and Brazilian border along the Juruá River.

María Elena Paredes[2], as head of the Sawawo Hito 40 monitoring committee, said no, and her community stood by her.

She knew she represented not just her community and the other Peruvian Indigenous communities, but also her Brazilian cousins downstream who also rely on these forests, waters and fish.

A worker aboard a Caterpillar road roller works on a road.
Roads beget more roads. The Interoceanic Highway, shown here, allowed loggers, ranchers and miners to generate hundreds of miles of illegal and informal offshoots that brought additional deforestation and environmental harm. David Salisbury

The Indigenous residents of the Amazon borderlands understand[3] that the loggers and their tractors and chainsaws are the sharp point of a road[4] allowing coca growers, land traffickers and others access to traditional Indigenous territories and resources. They also realize that their Indigenous communities may be all that stands in defense of the forest[5] and stops invaders and road builders.

October’s elections in Brazil and Peru could be a turning point away from deforestation, unsustainable road building and the targeting of Indigenous lands – or the election results could continue to escalate the pressure[6].

Explosive growth of illegal roads as government pulled back

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Amazon rainforest has witnessed explosive growth in informal and illegal[7] roads.

The Amazonian departments of Ucayali, Loreto and Madre de Dios, Peru, saw road expansion increase by 25% from 2019 to 2020 and 16% from 2020 to 2021. In the Brazilian Amazon, roads are being built at such a rapid pace that researchers are turning to artificial intelligence[8] to map the expansion.

Animation of map changes and close up of one area year to year
How road building leads to the rapid deforestation of surrounding lands. The satellite maps show road expansion from 2003 to 2021 into the Serra do Divisor National Park and its buffer zone. Yunuen Reygadas/ABSAT/University of Richmond, CC BY-ND[9]

Roads are the most damaging infrastructure[10] in the tropical rainforest, bringing deforestation and a host of related cultural and environmental impacts.

Research shows that Indigenous lands are crucial to safeguarding the forest[11] ecosystems and immense carbon stores. These territories, covering about a third[12] of the Amazon region, act as a buffer against road expansion, reducing both deforestation[13] and fires[14].

But the Indigenous communities near the border between Peru and Brazil are experiencing an onslaught[15] on their homelands.

A satellite view of the Parakanã Indigenous Territory in the Brazilian Amazon visually demonstrates the ability of Indigenous Territories to maintain standing forest (dark green) despite being surrounded by road-related deforestation and forest degradation (brown, tan and light green). David Salisbury/ABSAT/University of Richmond

When the pandemic forced governments to reduce monitoring and law enforcement in the remote rainforests, the illegal road builders, loggers, miners and traffickers increased their presence and work rate[16]. The state’s absence gave them a relative respite from law enforcement, and in Brazil, they were goaded on by the anti-environment, anti-Indigenous and anti-science rhetoric[17] of President Jair Bolsonaro.

A combination of road-building[18], climate change-induced forest heating and drying, and related deforestation is pushing the Amazon rainforest toward a tipping point[19] that could turn the world’s largest rainforest and reserve of terrestrial biodiversity into a sparsely wooded savanna in just a few decades[20]. Thousands of fires are burning[21] in the Brazilian Amazon as I write this in late September 2022.

Elections could turn the tide

A few hours downriver from where she confronted the loggers, Paredes and other Peruvian Indigenous leaders met with their Brazilian counterparts in September 2022 to discuss strategies to stop the invasions[22]. The Brazilian leaders include Francisco Piyako[23] and Isaac Piyako[24], two Indigenous Ashéninka brothers running for election at the federal and state level.

The Brazilian election’s first round of voting[25] on Oct. 2, 2022, includes more Indigenous candidates[26] than any in Brazilian history, with the 175 candidates representing a 37% increase over 2018.

The future of the Amazon is very much at stake.

On one side of the election stands Bolsonaro, a populist who has[27] derided Indigenous people, environmentalists and science while weakening environmental and Indigenous agencies and inciting[28] miners, loggers, ranchers and agribusiness leaders to cut down the forest.

On the other side is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[29] – commonly called Lula – a Workers Party veteran and former Brazilian president who is arguing for zero deforestation.

More important than national rhetoric may be the success of Indigenous candidates like the Piyakos who are committed to sustainability, transboundary cooperation and cultural diversity[30].

‘There will be no future without the state and powers uniting to respect our history and ancestry.’ -Francisco Piyako

Peru also has elections on Oct. 2, but at the regional and municipal levels. In the Ucayali region[31], 37% of the candidates are Indigenous, but they have historically had very poor showings. In contrast, the winners often have strong ties to the logging, mining or coca industries.

Without adequate pro-environment and Indigenous representation, the roads and extractive development will march forward[32], making the Peruvian side[33] of the forest even more vulnerable[34]. A victory for sustainability, conservation and culture in Brazil could resonate across political borders[35] into Peru and the other seven countries that share the Amazon[36], just as Paredes’ intervention in Peru stopped the tractors from ruining the forests and streams that flow into Brazil.

A chart shows deforestation fell in the early 2000 but sharply rose again starting in 2019
Deforestation has surged since 2019, with the bulk of the impact in Brazil due to President Jair Bolsonaro’s development approach resonating with loggers, ranchers and miners. RAISG[37]

A dangerous job: Defending the Amazon

As leaders like the Piyakos, Paredes and others defend their forests and people, they are also targets for violence.

In the Amazon borderlands, danger threatens from multiple sides[38], and justice is rarely served. The killing of journalist Dom Phillips and activist Bruno Pereira[39] in June 2022 was just the latest high-profile attack.

Fifteen years ago, the legendary Indigenous leader Edwin Chota[40] protested the road that Paredes and her community are blocking today. He and three colleagues were later gunned down in 2014[41] after receiving death threats from loggers and traffickers. The killers remain free in the borderlands.

A headshot image of Edwin Chota
Edwin Chota was killed defending Indigenous lands and the forest. Emory Richey
A group of children and adults walk past a cemetary's vaults
Children and relatives of Chota and his slain colleagues visited his grave in the summer of 2022. David Salisbury

This summer, I visited Chota’s grave with over 20 of the surviving family and community members of the four slain defenders. Most of these families are afraid to return to their beautiful forests in the borderland community of Saweto, and instead remain on the outskirts of the city of Pucallpa, squeezed into dilapidated houses with intermittent electricity and clean water.

Far from their village, the children cannot build their cultural and environmental knowledge in the forest.

Five participants from Saweto were among the 120 Indigenous representatives from 13 ethnicities in the Amazon borderlands who joined our NASA workshop to discuss how they can use satellite imagery to monitor changes to the forest[42] and climate. By integrating Indigenous ecological knowledge[43] and geospatial analysis[44] of the Amazon rainforest and climate, scientists and Indigenous groups can both better track the changing Amazon.

The Indigenous mothers, fathers and children told us they want training and education that will help them to protect their territory, adapt to climate change and build a sustainable future. Our NASA SERVIR project[45] is creating mapping platforms[46] based on satellite imagery analysis that the Indigenous communities, nongovernment organizations and government agencies can use to monitor roads, deforestation and climate change.

Indigenous defense is crucial

All of humanity is feeling the effects of climate change[47]. Our Indigenous colleagues recognize the changes in temperature, the water cycle and the seasons[48] already happening in their communities.

Maria Elena Paredes speaks about her work protecting the Amazon.

Environmental land defenders[49] like Paredes are working to keep the world’s largest forest standing tall in the face of threats that don’t just harm the Amazon. If the Amazon rainforest becomes a savanna[50], there will be reverberations in the climates of South America[51], the Caribbean[52], North America and across the globe[53].

Everyone loses if the Indigenous defenders of the Amazon do not have the support and educational opportunities needed to be safe, prosperous and empowered to protect their rainforest home.

References

  1. ^ wanted to widen the trail (apiwtxa.org.br)
  2. ^ María Elena Paredes (www.upperamazon.org)
  3. ^ Indigenous residents of the Amazon borderlands understand (www.absatrichmond.com)
  4. ^ sharp point of a road (ojo-publico.com)
  5. ^ all that stands in defense of the forest (amazonia80x2025.earth)
  6. ^ escalate the pressure (dar.org.pe)
  7. ^ informal and illegal (theconversation.com)
  8. ^ turning to artificial intelligence (www.mdpi.com)
  9. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  10. ^ the most damaging infrastructure (www.sciencedirect.com)
  11. ^ Indigenous lands are crucial to safeguarding the forest (www.pnas.org)
  12. ^ about a third (www.raisg.org)
  13. ^ reducing both deforestation (journals.plos.org)
  14. ^ fires (doi.org)
  15. ^ experiencing an onslaught (dar.org.pe)
  16. ^ increased their presence and work rate (www.pnas.org)
  17. ^ anti-environment, anti-Indigenous and anti-science rhetoric (www.science.org)
  18. ^ road-building (www.maaproject.org)
  19. ^ pushing the Amazon rainforest toward a tipping point (www.maaproject.org)
  20. ^ in just a few decades (global.oup.com)
  21. ^ Thousands of fires are burning (semapi.acre.gov.br)
  22. ^ discuss strategies to stop the invasions (www.upperamazon.org)
  23. ^ Francisco Piyako (doepiyako.com.br)
  24. ^ Isaac Piyako (isaac-piyako.financie.de)
  25. ^ first round of voting (www.american.edu)
  26. ^ more Indigenous candidates (www.livrariamaraca.com.br)
  27. ^ populist who has (rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
  28. ^ weakening environmental and Indigenous agencies and inciting (www.sciencedirect.com)
  29. ^ Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (foreignpolicy.com)
  30. ^ sustainability, transboundary cooperation and cultural diversity (www.scientificamerican.com)
  31. ^ In the Ucayali region (ojo-publico.com)
  32. ^ the roads and extractive development will march forward (www.absatrichmond.com)
  33. ^ the Peruvian side (www.nytimes.com)
  34. ^ even more vulnerable (www.nationalgeographic.com)
  35. ^ could resonate across political borders (www.taylorfrancis.com)
  36. ^ countries that share the Amazon (www.tandfonline.com)
  37. ^ RAISG (www.raisg.org)
  38. ^ danger threatens from multiple sides (www.youtube.com)
  39. ^ journalist Dom Phillips and activist Bruno Pereira (www.nationalgeographic.com)
  40. ^ Edwin Chota (www.nationalgeographic.com)
  41. ^ gunned down in 2014 (www.huffpost.com)
  42. ^ use satellite imagery to monitor changes to the forest (earthobservatory.nasa.gov)
  43. ^ Indigenous ecological knowledge (ecologyandsociety.org)
  44. ^ geospatial analysis (www.absatrichmond.com)
  45. ^ NASA SERVIR project (www.nasa.gov)
  46. ^ mapping platforms (experience.arcgis.com)
  47. ^ feeling the effects of climate change (www.ipcc.ch)
  48. ^ temperature, the water cycle and the seasons (www.absatrichmond.com)
  49. ^ Environmental land defenders (www.globalwitness.org)
  50. ^ Amazon rainforest becomes a savanna (journals.ametsoc.org)
  51. ^ South America (www.sciencedirect.com)
  52. ^ the Caribbean (link.springer.com)
  53. ^ North America and across the globe (journals.ametsoc.org)

Authors: David S. Salisbury, Associate Professor of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability, University of Richmond

Read more https://theconversation.com/indigenous-defenders-stand-between-illegal-roads-and-survival-of-the-amazon-rainforest-elections-in-brazil-and-peru-could-be-a-turning-point-190550

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