Proposed federal abortion ban evokes 19th-century Comstock Act – a law so unpopular it triggered the centurylong backlash that led to Roe
- Written by Amy Werbel, Professor of the History of Art, Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT)
Sen. Lindsey Graham has proposed a national U.S. abortion ban[1] barring the procedure after 15 weeks. This push to restrict abortion access across the country follows a rash of new state laws passed by Republicans after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade[2] in June.
If American history is any guide, these efforts will ultimately neither reduce abortions nor remain settled law.
I am a historian[3] who has studied American culture and law in the wake of the 1873 Comstock Act – the first U.S. effort to restrict access to birth control and abortions. My research finds that previous state and federal efforts to regulate the sexual expression and reproduction of Americans led to unintended consequences – and, in the long term, these laws failed.
Already, I see signs that new anti-abortion laws are triggering a similarly undermining backlash.
How ‘obscene’
In 1873, Congress hurriedly passed a law making it illegal to send[4] “obscenities” through the U.S. mail. The legislation was branded the Comstock Act after its most vigorous proponent: Anthony Comstock[5], a U.S. postal inspector and evangelical Christian who believed sexual activity was a sin unless it occurred between a married man and woman for the purpose of procreation.
Birth control and substances used to induce abortion were included in the definition of “obscenity,” because Comstock and his supporters believed that life and death were God’s decisions. The law also banned mailing erotic images and literature. In Comstock’s expansive view, this category included images of athletes wearing tights[6].
State versions of the original Comstock Law soon swept the United States. By 1900, 42 states had passed similar legislation[8] outlawing the production, sale, possession or circulation of “obscene” matter in their own jurisdictions.
These statutes ruled until the Supreme Court declared a right to privacy in medical decision-making nearly 100 years later, in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)[9].
This is the same ruling that was cited eight years later to protect the right to have an abortion in the now defunct Roe v. Wade[10].
Impractical enforcement
Comstock zealously enforced the laws he’d advocated for, both as a detective for the privately funded New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, and as an inspector for the U.S. Post Office Department. In attempting to eradicate contraceptives – including condoms and early forms of diaphragms – Comstock organized the arrests of numerous defendants.
However, he had difficulty getting prosecutors, juries and judges to see the seriousness of many of the “crimes” he investigated. In the late 19th century, wealthier Americans already regularly used birth control[11].
“Of all the indictments prior to 1878, pending in the Court of General Sessions, not one has been tried the past year,” Comstock wrote in his 1879 annual report for the society.
In one of these cases, The New York Times reported[12], Comstock was chastised by a New York City district attorney named Phelps for his “sharp practice” in investigating Dr. Sarah Blakeslee Chase. These included his posing as a client to obtain birth control products and repeatedly harassing the suspect. A grand jury threw out the case, stating that it “did not think it for the public good.”
Even when Comstock obtained a conviction, many defendants were pardoned immediately.
Enforcing new anti-abortion laws is similarly unpopular with many legal professionals today. Shortly after the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Dobbs, more than 80 elected prosecutors[13] vowed not to bring indictments in cases involving abortion.
As they recognize, conservative courts in jurisdictions with zealous anti-abortion prosecutors – who in some states are already enforcing new laws[14] – will soon be filled with a host of extremely sympathetic defendants: relatives who assist children who are victims of rape[15] in obtaining an illegal abortion, doctors saving the lives of mothers at risk[16], and those who choose to help pregnant cancer patients[17] in making the best possible decisions for their health.
Enforcement of America’s new Comstock laws will likely once again make witnesses and defendants more sympathetic in the eyes of judges and jurors – and the public – undermining whatever support remains for these laws.
Beyond prosecutions, the tactics necessary to prevent women from obtaining abortions are even less practical today than they were in the late 19th century.
Enforcing anti-abortion laws may include restricting interstate travel[18], blocking interstate and international postal services[19] and attempting to censor information[20] about sexual health. All of these would require laborious investigations and extensive cooperation from law enforcement agencies and private corporations who will likely have little desire to involve themselves in unpopular prosecutions.
And that’s assuming that any of these methods survive court challenges.
Uniting disparate factions
By the time of Anthony Comstock’s death in 1915, backlash to his zealous overreach had provoked growing solidarity[21] among activists and attorneys determined to defeat his agenda.
Margaret Sanger at America’s first family planning clinic in New York.
Bain News Service/PhotoQuest/Getty Images[22]
Women’s rights activists, including Margaret Sanger, Emma Goldman and Mary Ware Dennett – formerly focused on competing goals and strategies – joined in common cause to repeal the Comstock laws. Their efforts led to the creation of new and powerful national civil liberties organizations, including Planned Parenthood and the American Civil Liberties Union. Both used lobbying and lawsuits to contribute to the death of the original Comstock laws.
These groups are still fighting[23] new abortion restrictions today. And once again, post-Dobbs, disparate individuals and groups are raising their voices in common cause.
Obstetricians[24] from around the country have begun lobbying politicians and forming their own pro-choice political action committees for the first time. TikTok influencers like Olivia Julianna[25] are rallying young citizens to vote for pro-choice politicians. And diverse podcasters[26], from one-time provocateur Howard Stern to the hosts of the true crime show “My Favorite Murder,” are sharing resources with their listeners and expressing support for abortion rights.
Ballot box backlash
Newly registered[27] and energized voters are turning out to support candidates and ballot initiatives that reflect the nation’s majority support for abortion rights[28].
Kansas roundly rejected an anti-abortion referendum in August 2022[29]. And more states will soon vote on state constitutional protections for abortion, including Michigan[30].
The Comstock laws were not repealed quickly. And it’s now clear that American women’s right to reproductive health care remained tenuous after their demise.
Viewing the past as prologue, however, suggests that, once again, unpopular[31] anti-abortion laws will cause unintended consequences that, in the long run, will render them both ineffective and ultimately futile.
References
- ^ national U.S. abortion ban (www.axios.com)
- ^ Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade (www.scotusblog.com)
- ^ historian (scholar.google.com)
- ^ illegal to send (www.mtsu.edu)
- ^ Anthony Comstock (artsci.case.edu)
- ^ images of athletes wearing tights (www.jstor.org)
- ^ The Masses (dlib.nyu.edu)
- ^ similar legislation (muse.jhu.edu)
- ^ Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) (supreme.justia.com)
- ^ Roe v. Wade (www.law.cornell.edu)
- ^ regularly used birth control (artsci.case.edu)
- ^ The New York Times reported (timesmachine.nytimes.com)
- ^ more than 80 elected prosecutors (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ in some states are already enforcing new laws (www.al.com)
- ^ children who are victims of rape (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ doctors saving the lives of mothers at risk (news.bloomberglaw.com)
- ^ pregnant cancer patients (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ restricting interstate travel (www.wired.com)
- ^ blocking interstate and international postal services (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ censor information (www.axios.com)
- ^ growing solidarity (doi.org)
- ^ Bain News Service/PhotoQuest/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ still fighting (www.msn.com)
- ^ Obstetricians (www.politico.com)
- ^ Olivia Julianna (www.tiktok.com)
- ^ diverse podcasters (www.theverge.com)
- ^ Newly registered (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ majority support for abortion rights (www.pewresearch.org)
- ^ Kansas roundly rejected an anti-abortion referendum in August 2022 (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ including Michigan (www.wxpr.org)
- ^ unpopular (www.pewresearch.org)
Authors: Amy Werbel, Professor of the History of Art, Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT)
