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  • Written by Mariel Borowitz, Associate Professor of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology
War in Ukraine highlights the growing strategic importance of private satellite companies – especially in times of conflict

Satellites owned by private companies have played an unexpectedly important role in the war in Ukraine. For example, in early August 2022, images from the private satellite company Planet Labs showed that[1] a recent attack on a Russian military base in Crimea caused more damage than Russia had suggested in public reports. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy highlighted the losses[2] as evidence of Ukraine’s progress in the war.

Soon after the war began, Ukraine requested data[3] from private satellite companies around the world. By the end of April, Ukraine was getting imagery from U.S. companies mere minutes[4] after the data was collected.

My research focuses on international cooperation in satellite Earth observations[5], including the role of the private sector. While experts have long known that satellite imagery is useful during a conflict, the war in Ukraine has shown that commercial satellite data can make a decisive difference – informing both military planning as well as the public view of a war. Based on the strategic value commercial satellite imagery has held during this war, I believe it is likely that more nations will be investing in private satellite companies.

Growth of the commercial satellite sector Remote-sensing satellites circle the Earth collecting imagery, radio signals and many other types of data. The technology was originally developed by governments for military reconnaissance, weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. But over the past two decades, commercial activity in this area has grown rapidly – particularly in the U.S. The number of commercial Earth observation satellites has increased from 11 in 2006 to more than 500 in 2022[6], about 350 of which belong to U.S. companies. The earliest commercial satellite remote-sensing companies worked closely with the military from the beginning, but many of the newer entrants were not developed with national security applications in mind. Planet Labs, the U.S.-based company that has played a big role in the Ukrainian conflict, describes its customers[7] as those in “agriculture, government, and commercial mapping,” and it hopes to expand to “insurance, commodities, and finance.” Spire, another U.S. company, was originally focused on monitoring weather and tracking commercial maritime activity[8]. However, when the U.S. government set up pilot programs[9] in 2016 to evaluate the value of data from these companies, many of the companies welcomed this new source of revenue. Value of commercial data for national security The U.S. government has its own highly capable network of spy satellites, so partnerships with private companies may come as a surprise, but there are clear reasons the U.S. government benefits from these arrangements. First is the simple fact that purchasing commercial data allows the government to see more locations on the Earth more frequently. In some cases, data is now available quickly enough to enable real-time decision-making[10] on the battlefield. The second reason has to do with data sharing practices. Sharing data from spy satellites requires officials to go through a complex declassification process. It also risks revealing information about classified satellite capabilities. Neither of these is a concern with data from private companies. This aspect makes it easier for the military to share satellite information[11] within the U.S. government as well as with U.S. allies. This advantage has proved to be a key factor[12] for the war in Ukraine. A satellite photo of an air base with blast marks. This photo was taken by a Planet Labs satellite on Aug. 10, 2022, and shows damage to planes from a Ukrainian attack that took place only one day before, on Aug. 9, 2022. Imagery courtesy of Planet Labs PBC Use of satellite data in Ukraine Commercial satellite imagery has proved to be critical to this war in two ways. First, it’s a media tool that allows the public to watch as the war progresses in incredible detail, and second, it’s a source of important information that helps the Ukrainian military plan day-to-day operations. Even before the war began in February 2022, the U.S government was actively encouraging[13] commercial satellite companies to share their imagery and raise awareness of Russian activity. Commercial companies released images[14] showing Russian troops amassing near the Ukrainian border[15], directly contradicting statements by Russia. In early March 2022, Ukraine’s Vice Prime Minister, Mykhailo Fedorov, asked eight commercial satellite companies for access to their data. In his request, he said that this could be the first major war in which commercial satellite imagery played a significant role[16]. Some companies obliged, and within the first two weeks of the conflict the Ukrainian government received data covering[17] more than 15 million square miles (40 million square km) of the war zone. The U.S. government significantly increased its purchases of imagery[18] that could be provided to Ukraine. The U.S. government has also actively fostered connections directly between U.S. companies and Ukrainian intelligence analysts[19], helping promote the flow of information. A recent example of the value of these images comes again from Planet Labs. Over the past few weeks, the company has been releasing images showing the conflict drawing dangerously near the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant[20]. In recent days, U.N. officials have said the situation poses a “very real risk of a nuclear disaster[21]” and pushed for U.N. experts to be allowed to visit the site. Before the war, Ukrainian officials thought money was better spent on “down-to-earth” security needs, rather than expensive satellites. But now these officials view satellite imagery as critical[22] – both to battlefield awareness and for documenting atrocities allegedly carried out by Russian troops. Looking forward Some space experts have called the war in Ukraine the first “commercial space war[23].” The conflict has clearly shown the national security value of commercial satellite imagery, the ability of commercial satellite images to promote transparency[24] and the importance of not only national space power, but also the space capabilities of allies[25]. I believe the fact that the U.S. commercial sector had such a significant effect on military operations and public opinion will lead to increased government investment in the private satellite sector globally. Leaders in Ukraine intend to invest in domestic satellite imaging capabilities[26], and the U.S. has expanded its commercial purchases[27]. This expansion may raise new challenges if abundant satellite imagery is available to actors on both sides of a conflict in the future. Some Earth-observing satellite companies have expressed hope that the lessons learned will extend beyond war and national security[28]. The ability to rapidly produce images and analysis could be used to monitor agricultural trends[29] or provide insight into illegal mining operations[30]. The war in Ukraine may well prove to be a key turning point for both global transparency in conflict and the commercial Earth-observing sector as a whole. References^ showed that (www.nytimes.com)^ highlighted the losses (www.president.gov.ua)^ Ukraine requested data (www.cnet.com)^ mere minutes (www.satellitetoday.com)^ international cooperation in satellite Earth observations (mitpress.mit.edu)^ from 11 in 2006 to more than 500 in 2022 (www.ucsusa.org)^ describes its customers (www.planet.com)^ monitoring weather and tracking commercial maritime activity (spacenews.com)^ set up pilot programs (www.satellitetoday.com)^ enable real-time decision-making (www.ifri.org)^ easier for the military to share satellite information (mitpress.mit.edu)^ key factor (www.satellitetoday.com)^ actively encouraging (www.politico.com)^ released images (www.nato.int)^ Russian troops amassing near the Ukrainian border (www.marketwatch.com)^ commercial satellite imagery played a significant role (www.cnet.com)^ received data covering (www.satellitetoday.com)^ increased its purchases of imagery (www.defensenews.com)^ U.S. companies and Ukrainian intelligence analysts (www.defensenews.com)^ near the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant (www.npr.org)^ very real risk of a nuclear disaster (www.iaea.org)^ satellite imagery as critical (www.defenseone.com)^ commercial space war (spacenews.com)^ promote transparency (doi.org)^ the space capabilities of allies (doi.org)^ invest in domestic satellite imaging capabilities (www.defenseone.com)^ expanded its commercial purchases (www.satellitetoday.com)^ beyond war and national security (qz.com)^ monitor agricultural trends (gisgeography.com)^ provide insight into illegal mining operations (gisgeography.com)Authors: Mariel Borowitz, Associate Professor of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology

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