Monarch butterflies join the Red List of endangered species, thanks to habitat loss, climate change and pesticides

In fall, eastern North American monarchs fly south using several flyways that mostly then merge into a single flyway in central Texas that leads to their overwintering sites in central Mexico. Western monarchs migrate from the Rocky Mountains to overwintering sites on the Pacific Coast. USFS^[4]

What are the main factors threatening monarchs?

There are many factors contributing to monarchs’ decline^[5]. One of the most serious threats is habitat fragmentation and loss. Habitat fragmentation occurs when urban development or agricultural expansion break up large areas of habitat into smaller, often isolated patches. This leaves fewer areas for monarchs to find the nectar-rich plants that adult butterflies feed on^[6], or milkweed, the sole food source for monarch caterpillars^[7].

Other threats include pesticides^[8], disease^[9], climate change^[10] and invasive species^[11]. Providing more suitable habitat for monarchs in more places could help them tolerate these stresses.

Monarchs are particularly susceptible to threats during the parts of their annual cycle when many millions of them cluster together. For example, a winter storm in March 2016 killed 31%-40% of the monarchs^[12] in some overwintering colonies in central Mexico. Winter storms also blow down trees, which can reduce habitat for overwintering colonies in subsequent years.

Temperature and precipitation can influence monarchs’ spring and fall migrations and breeding season success. For example, spring weather^[13] is an important factor influencing the size of the summer monarch population. Slightly warmer and drier springs produce more monarchs on the summer breeding grounds.

Scientists send a hummingbird-shaped drone to film swarming monarch butterflies in Mexico at close range.

Are monarch butterflies protected in the US?

Not yet, although the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recognizes that they are at risk.

The agency received a petition^[14] in 2014 to list the monarch butterfly as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. It concluded in 2020 that listing the monarch was warranted but precluded^[15]. This means that while monarchs are at risk of extinction, they are less at risk than other species that are currently higher priorities, such as the rusty patched bumblebee^[16].

That decision put monarchs on the candidate list, where the agency reviews their status every year. Only a subset of species^[17] on the IUCN Red List is also protected under the Endangered Species Act. For insects, that number is less than 20%.

The IUCN report^[18] estimates that the eastern monarch population has declined by 22%-72% over the past decade, and the western population has declined by 66%-91%. Evaluating trends for insect populations can be challenging because they tend to fluctuate from year to year.

Another challenge for measuring the populations of migratory species is that patterns can differ depending on when in the annual cycle they are evaluated, such as breeding versus overwintering. To estimate how many eastern monarchs overwinter in central Mexico, scientists measure how many hectares of trees are covered with monarchs and convert that number into an estimated number of butterflies^[19].

Many factors influence how densely monarchs cluster together in trees on their overwintering grounds. Estimates based on data from the summer breeding grounds are also challenging because monarchs go through multiple generations per year and breed across a large area.

Would an ‘endangered’ listing in the US help monarchs?

Migratory monarchs have a huge range that extends from southern Canada to central Mexico and includes all of the contiguous U.S. They use many types of open habitats, from prairies to urban parks. This makes it challenging to implement and enforce regulatory actions.

The IUCN report^[20] points out that the decline of the eastern migratory population seems to have slowed, or even stabilized, over the past 10 years. The 2014 petition^[21] to list monarchs under the U.S. Endangered Species Act spurred many actions to support monarchs that likely contributed to slowing their decline, from planting milkweeds and nectar plants in home gardens to large-scale restoration projects^[22].

Supporting these efforts could provide more benefits than a listing^[23] under the Endangered Species Act. When a species is listed, the federal government produces a recovery plan that often includes restrictions on actions that threaten the species, such as hunting or land development. Studies have found that private land owners often become less willing to participate in conservation activities^[24], such as allowing researchers to monitor the species on their property, after a species is listed.

It’s hard to say whether listing monarchs would have this effect. People love monarch butterflies, and community science projects that involve activities like monitoring eggs and caterpillars and tagging monarchs are very popular. Data collected by citizen scientists has expanded what researchers know about monarchs^[25]. Many of these efforts have taken place over large areas and long time spans that would be hard for scientists to replicate.

I see community scientists as critical for informing monarch conservation efforts, and hope the IUCN’s action will inspire more people to get involved.

Authors: Kristen A. Baum, Professor of Integrative Biology and Associate Dean for Research, Oklahoma State University

Read more https://theconversation.com/monarch-butterflies-join-the-red-list-of-endangered-species-thanks-to-habitat-loss-climate-change-and-pesticides-187585

• Prev
• Next