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  • Written by Yuyu Zhou, Associate Professor of Environmental Science, Iowa State University
Light pollution is disrupting the seasonal rhythms of plants and trees, lengthening pollen season in US cities

The Research Brief[1] is a short take about interesting academic work.

The big idea

City lights that blaze all night are profoundly disrupting urban plants’ phenology – shifting when their buds open in the spring and when their leaves change colors and drop in the fall. New research I coauthored shows how nighttime lights are lengthening the growing season in cities[2], which can affect everything from allergies[3] to local economies.

In our study, my colleagues and I analyzed trees and shrubs at about 3,000 sites in U.S. cities to see how they responded[4] under different lighting conditions over a five-year period. Plants use the natural day-night cycle[5] as a signal of seasonal change along with temperature[6].

We found that artificial light alone advanced the date that leaf buds broke[7] in the spring by an average of about nine days compared to sites without nighttime lights. The timing of the fall color change in leaves was more complex, but the leaf change was still delayed on average by nearly six days across the lower 48 states. In general, we found that the more intense the light was, the greater the difference.

We also projected the future influence of nighttime lights for five U.S. cities – Minneapolis, Chicago, Washington, Atlanta and Houston – based on different scenarios for future global warming and up to a 1% annual increase in nighttime light intensity. We found that increasing nighttime light would likely continue to shift the start of the season earlier, though its influence on the fall color change timing was more complex.

Why it matters

This kind of shift in plants’ biological clocks has important implications for the economic[8], climate[9], health[10] and ecological[11] services that urban plants provide.

On the positive side, longer growing seasons could allow urban farms to be active over longer periods of time[12]. Plants could also provide shade to cool neighborhoods earlier in spring and later in fall as global temperatures rise.

But changes to the growing season could also increase plants’ vulnerability to spring frost damage[13]. And it can create a mismatch with the timing of other organisms, such as pollinators[14], that some urban plants rely on.

Charts show the intensity of urban light in seven representative cities
Urban light intensity varies among cities, and among neighborhoods within cities. Yuyu Zhou, CC BY-ND[15]

A longer active season for urban plants also suggests an earlier and longer pollen season, which can exacerbate asthma and other breathing problems. A study in Maryland found a 17% increase[16] in hospitalizations for asthma in years when plants bloomed very early.

What still isn’t known

How the fall color timing will change going forward as night lighting increases and temperatures rise is less clear. Temperature and artificial light together influence the fall color in a complex way, and our projections suggested that the delay of coloring date due to climate warming might stop midcentury and possibly reverse because of artificial light. This will require more research.

How urban artificial light will change in the future also remains to be seen.

One study found that urban light at night had increased by about 1.8% per year[17] worldwide from 2012-2016. However, many cities and states are trying to reduce light pollution[18], including requiring shields to control where the light goes and shifting to LED street lights, which use less energy and have less of an effect[19] on plants than traditional streetlights with longer wavelengths[20].

Cars are parked on an old brick residential street at dusk with street lights and trees lining the sidewalks.
Baltimore has been converting its streetlights to LED to save money on energy. LEDs also have less of an impact on plants. Cyndi Monaghan via Getty Images[21]

Urban plants’ phenology may also be influenced by other factors, such as carbon dioxide and soil moisture. Additionally, the faster increase of temperature at night compared to the daytime could lead to different day-night temperature patterns, which might affect plant phenology in complex ways[22].

Understanding these interactions between plants and artificial light and temperature will help scientists predict changes in plant processes under a changing climate[23]. Cities are already serving as natural laboratories.

References

  1. ^ Research Brief (theconversation.com)
  2. ^ lengthening the growing season in cities (doi.org)
  3. ^ allergies (doi.org)
  4. ^ how they responded (doi.org)
  5. ^ the natural day-night cycle (islandpress.org)
  6. ^ temperature (doi.org)
  7. ^ advanced the date that leaf buds broke (doi.org)
  8. ^ economic (doi.org)
  9. ^ climate (theconversation.com)
  10. ^ health (doi.org)
  11. ^ ecological (doi.org)
  12. ^ be active over longer periods of time (doi.org)
  13. ^ vulnerability to spring frost damage (doi.org)
  14. ^ such as pollinators (doi.org)
  15. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  16. ^ 17% increase (doi.org)
  17. ^ by about 1.8% per year (doi.org)
  18. ^ trying to reduce light pollution (www.ncsl.org)
  19. ^ less of an effect (doi.org)
  20. ^ longer wavelengths (doi.org)
  21. ^ Cyndi Monaghan via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  22. ^ affect plant phenology in complex ways (doi.org)
  23. ^ predict changes in plant processes under a changing climate (doi.org)

Authors: Yuyu Zhou, Associate Professor of Environmental Science, Iowa State University

Read more https://theconversation.com/light-pollution-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-rhythms-of-plants-and-trees-lengthening-pollen-season-in-us-cities-184730

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

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