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  • Written by Emily M. Godfrey, Associate Professor of Family Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington
A black and white photo shows a woman facing an open birth control package

A historic ruling on abortion is likely to emerge from the U.S. Supreme Court this year as justices consider whether Mississippi can, in fact, impose a ban on abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy.

The case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[1], challenges the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that protects women’s right to abortion. Meanwhile, Texas enacted its own restrictive abortion law in September – and other states[2] are working to follow suit.

Mississippi Solicitor General Scott G. Stewart argued before the Supreme Court in December[3] that abortion is not necessary.

“I would emphasize that contraception is more accessible and affordable and available than it was at the time of Roe or Casey,” Stewart said, in reference to Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, two landmark abortion court decisions. “It serves the same goal of allowing women to decide if, when and how many children to have.”

So, is it actually easier than ever to get contraception in the U.S. – and does that mean that abortion is no longer necessary?

The short answers are, “no” and “no.”

Even if every person who needed it could obtain contraception, it wouldn’t completely eliminate the need for abortion.

Why getting birth control in America isn’t always easy

Total protection from unwanted pregnancy is impossible to achieve[4], even with multiple, highly effective modern methods of contraception available.

No contraceptive method is 100% effective, and a need for abortion will always exist for several reasons.

First, most contraceptive methods still require a prescription and at least an initial visit to a clinic or a doctor’s office to initiate or maintain treatment. This step alone can be prohibitive for the 21 million American women[5] who cannot afford to pay for family planning services.

This figure marks a 25% increase over the past two decades – in 2000, 16.4 million American women[6] and girls needed help paying for contraception. This increase is outpacing the growth of the total number of sexually active women [7]and teens who need contraception since 2000.

Second, not all health care providers[8] are up to date on the latest evidence-based guidelines[9] for contraceptive use in people with particular medical conditions. As a result, patients may be unnecessarily denied their chosen contraceptive method or asked to return for multiple visits.

Third, many young people do not receive adequate sex education[10], which would include information about contraception and how to get it. This is especially true among low-income or marginalized populations, including people of color and nonnative English speakers.

A black and white photo shows a woman facing an open birth control package
In the 1970s, when Roe v. Wade was decided, oral contraception was one of the few effective methods of birth control available in the U.S. UPI wb/jl[11]

The evolution of birth control

In 1973, the year of the Roe decision, doctors could offer only pills, diaphragms, IUDs or sterilization. Traditional methods, such as penile withdrawal, have been around since long before 1960 but are undeniably less effective[12] than more modern methods.

As a primary care doctor and researcher[13] at the University of Washington Departments of Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, I have two decades of experience[14] providing and teaching about full-spectrum contraceptive care.

I have been fortunate to offer my patients an increasing number of highly effective modern contraceptive methods. Today there are 18 different methods[15] of contraception, ranging from intrauterine devices to vaginal rings.

Although almost all people in the U.S. use birth control at some point, not everyone is consistently using it all the time. On average, fertile women in the U.S. need effective birth control for 30 years[16] to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

Measuring birth control availability

While the number of birth control options has grown, it remains difficult for many women and teens to get contraception.

Today, an estimated 65% of women and teenage girls[17] use contraception, marking a 10 percentage-point increase from 1982[18] rates.

And today, 34% of women and teens are using the most effective forms[19] of birth control, compared with 23% of women who did so in 1982.

Approximately 17% of women and teens are using moderately effective methods, compared with 15% in 1982. The remainder are using less effective contraception, or none at all.

While the percentage of women and teenagers using contraception has increased since the 1980s, a closer look at data reveals an uneven picture.

Teenage girls ages 15 to 19 are much less likely to get contraception[20] than older women (only 38.7% of surveyed girls this age use it). Latina and Black women also have lower rates of contraception use than white women.

The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened these divides. Black, Latina and queer women reported higher rates of contraception appointment delays and cancellations. Approximately 29% of Black women, 38% of Latinas and 35% of queer women also reported[21] feeling worried about paying for contraception in July 2020.

One in 4 women report not using their preferred method[22] of birth control because they cannot afford it. This matters, because patients are more likely to continue using a birth control method if they like it.

One other way to measure contraceptive care[23] considers the percentage of women ages 15 to 44 who have unintended pregnancies.

The unintended pregnancy rate is 30% higher in the U.S., at 45 per 1,000 women[24], than the average rate in all high-income countries[25].

While unintended pregnancies in the U.S. reached the lowest rate in 2011 since at least 1981, lower-income women remain five times[26] more likely than higher-income women to have a pregnancy they did not plan for.

More recent data[27] shows a 47% decrease in unintended pregnancies in Europe and North America, between the five-year period 1990-1994 and the five year-period 2015-2019.

Two women hug outside of a Planned Parenthood clinic, which has a sign that says 'still here' on the side Pro-choice supporters embrace outside of the last Planned Parenthood location performing abortions in Missouri. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Image[28]

Limits to getting birth control

The use of public funds to fully cover family planning, which includes confidential contraceptive services, has long been established as cost-effective intervention[29] in public health.

Family planning reduces unintended pregnancy[30]. Unintended pregnancy contributes to pregnancy-related deaths, preterm births and infant deaths, rates of which are higher in the U.S.[31] than in other developed countries.

Congress passed two key mandates[32] in the 1970s that allowed the use of public funds for no- or low-cost family planning services for adolescents and poor and low-income women.

However, the budget for funding family planning is less than half[33] of what it was in 1980. And the number of women who likely need public support for contraception is increasing.

Past programs in Missouri and Colorado[34] that provided the full range of modern contraceptive methods at no cost[35] reduced unintended pregnancy and abortion rates.

Implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 made contraception more accessible for millions of Americans using private and public health insurance by requiring coverage of all contraceptive methods[36] without a copay.

Contraception is still not accessible to all, however, especially among those who live in states that did not expand their Medicaid family planning services under the Affordable Care Act[37], which lowered the criteria for low-income women to qualify for medical assistance coverage for contraception.

Additionally, 1 in 5 privately insured women[38] report paying out of pocket for birth control, which is not possible for many women.

Yes, we still need abortion care.

Given the wide range of contraceptive choices available today, some Americans, including Mississippi’s Stewart, wonder whether abortion is still needed.

The short answer is, “yes.”

Despite America’s having the lowest abortion rate in 50 years, abortions in America are not rare.“ Approximately 18% of the estimated 6 million pregnancies in the U.S. each year end in abortion[39].

Access to contraceptive care from publicly supported providers in 2016 helped delay or avoid nearly 2 million pregnancies[40]. Widespread access to birth control would reduce the number of abortions.

But expanding access will require definitive new federal and state action, including implementing policies that guarantee better health care access.

These changes won’t completely eliminate the need for safe abortions, which will remain a crucial health care service no matter what.

[Get The Conversation’s most important politics headlines, in our Politics Weekly newsletter[41].]

References

  1. ^ Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (www.oyez.org)
  2. ^ other states (jezebel.com)
  3. ^ argued before the Supreme Court in December (www.supremecourt.gov)
  4. ^ is impossible to achieve (www.guttmacher.org)
  5. ^ 21 million American women (www.guttmacher.org)
  6. ^ 16.4 million American women (www.theatlantic.com)
  7. ^ total number of sexually active women (www.guttmacher.org)
  8. ^ health care providers (doi-org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu)
  9. ^ latest evidence-based guidelines (www.cdc.gov)
  10. ^ do not receive adequate sex education (www.guttmacher.org)
  11. ^ UPI wb/jl (media.gettyimages.com)
  12. ^ undeniably less effective (www.cdc.gov)
  13. ^ primary care doctor and researcher (www.uwmedicine.org)
  14. ^ two decades of experience (www.researchgate.net)
  15. ^ 18 different methods (www.kff.org)
  16. ^ for 30 years (www.guttmacher.org)
  17. ^ 65% of women and teenage girls (www.guttmacher.org)
  18. ^ 10 percentage-point increase from 1982 (www.cdc.gov)
  19. ^ 34% of women and teens are using the most effective forms (www.cdc.gov)
  20. ^ less likely to get contraception (www.cdc.gov)
  21. ^ also reported (nwlc.org)
  22. ^ not using their preferred method (www.kff.org)
  23. ^ One other way to measure contraceptive care (opa.hhs.gov)
  24. ^ 45 per 1,000 women (www.guttmacher.org)
  25. ^ high-income countries (doi.org)
  26. ^ remain five times (www.guttmacher.org)
  27. ^ More recent data (www.thelancet.com)
  28. ^ Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Image (media.gettyimages.com)
  29. ^ cost-effective intervention (www.guttmacher.org)
  30. ^ Family planning reduces unintended pregnancy (www.cdc.gov)
  31. ^ higher in the U.S. (www.vox.com)
  32. ^ passed two key mandates (opa.hhs.gov)
  33. ^ less than half (doi.org)
  34. ^ Colorado (onlinelibrary-wiley-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu)
  35. ^ at no cost (www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.offcampus.lib.washington.edu)
  36. ^ coverage of all contraceptive methods (www.hrsa.gov)
  37. ^ did not expand their Medicaid family planning services under the Affordable Care Act (www.guttmacher.org)
  38. ^ 1 in 5 privately insured women (www.kff.org)
  39. ^ 18% of the estimated 6 million pregnancies in the U.S. each year end in abortion (www.guttmacher.org)
  40. ^ helped delay or avoid nearly 2 million pregnancies (www.guttmacher.org)
  41. ^ Get The Conversation’s most important politics headlines, in our Politics Weekly newsletter (memberservices.theconversation.com)

Authors: Emily M. Godfrey, Associate Professor of Family Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington

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