Plastic trash in the ocean is a global problem, and the US is the top source – a new report urges action
- Written by Matthew Savoca, Postdoctoral researcher, Stanford University
Plastic waste of all shapes and sizes permeates the world’s oceans. It shows up on beaches[1], in fish[2] and even in Arctic sea ice[3]. And a new report[4] from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine makes clear that the U.S. is a big part of the problem.
As the report shows, the U.S. produces a large share of the global supply of plastic resin – the precursor material to all plastic industrial and consumer products. It also imports and exports billions of dollars’ worth of plastic products every year.
On a per capita basis, the U.S. produces an order of magnitude more plastic waste than China – a nation often vilified over pollution-related issues. These findings build off a study published in 2020 that concluded that the U.S. is the largest global source of plastic waste[5], including plastics shipped to other countries that later are mismanaged.
And only a small fraction[6] of plastic in U.S. household waste streams is recycled. The study calls current U.S. recycling systems “grossly insufficient[7] to manage the diversity, complexity and quantity of plastic waste.”
As scientists who study the effects of plastic pollution[8] on marine[9] ecosystems[10], we view this report as an important first step on a long road to reducing ocean plastic pollution. While it’s important to make clear how the U.S. is contributing to ocean plastic waste, we see a need for specific, actionable goals and recommendations to mitigate the plastic pollution crisis, and would have liked to see the report go further in that direction.
Plastic is showing up in seafood
Researchers started documenting marine plastic pollution in the late 1960s[11] and early 1970s[12]. Public and scientific interest in the issue exploded in the early 2000s after oceanographer Charles Moore[13] drew attention to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch[14] – a region in the central north Pacific where ocean currents concentrate floating plastic trash into spinning collections thousands of miles across.
More plastic garbage patches have now been found in the South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean[15]. Unsurprisingly, plastic pervades marine food webs. Over 700 marine species[16] are known to ingest plastic, including over 200 species of fish that humans eat[17].
Humans also consume plastic that fragments into beverages and food from packaging and inhale microplastic particles in household dust. Scientists are only beginning to assess what this means for public health. Research to date suggests that exposure to plastic-associated chemicals may interfere with hormones that regulate many processes in our bodies, cause developmental problems in children, or alter human metabolic processes in ways that promote obesity[18][19][20][21][22]
Scientists estimate that if plastics continue to enter the ocean at current rates they will outweigh fish by 2050.A need for a national strategy
The new report is a sweeping overview of marine plastic pollution, grounded in science. However, many of its conclusions and recommendations have been proposed in various forms for years, and in our view the report could have done more to advance those discussions.
For example, it strongly recommends developing a national marine debris monitoring program, led by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Marine Debris Program[23]. We agree with this proposal, but the report does not address what to monitor, how to do it or what the specific goals of monitoring should be.
Ideally, we believe the federal government should create a coalition of relevant agencies, such as NOAA, the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institutes of Health, to tackle plastic pollution. Agencies have done this in the past in response to acute pollution events, such as the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill[24], but not for chronic problems like marine debris. The report proposes a cross-government effort as well but does not provide specifics.
An underfunded problem
Actions to detect, track and remove plastic waste from the ocean will require substantial financial support. But there’s little federal funding for marine debris research and cleanup. In 2020, for example, NOAA’s Marine Debris Program budget request was $US7 million[27], which represents 0.1% of NOAA’s $5.65B 2020 budget. Proposed funding for the Marine Debris Program increased by $9 million for fiscal 2022[28], which is a step in the right direction.
Even so, making progress on ocean plastic waste will require considerably more funding for academic research, nongovernmental organizations and NOAA’s marine debris activities. Increased support for these programs will help close knowledge gaps, increase public awareness and spur effective action across the entire life cycle of plastics.
One way to address marine plastic waste is to capture it before it enters the ocean. Mr. Trash Wheel, a solar-powered semi-autonomous trash interceptor, removes floating debris from Baltimore’s Inner Harbor.Corporate responsibility and equity
The private sector also has a crucial role to play in reducing plastic use and waste. We would have liked to see more discussion in the report of how businesses and industries contribute to the accumulation of ocean plastic waste and their role in solutions.
The report correctly notes that plastic pollution is an environmental justice issue. Minority and low-income communities are disproportionately affected by many activities that produce plastic waste, from oil drilling emissions[29] to toxic chemicals released during the production or incineration of plastics[30]. Some proposals in the report, such as better waste management and increased recycling, may benefit these communities – but only if they are directly involved in planning and carrying them out.
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The study also highlights the need to produce less plastic and scale up effective plastic recycling. More public and private funding for solutions like reusable and refillable containers, reduced packaging and standardized plastic recycling processes would increase opportunities for consumers to shift away from single-use disposable products.
Plastic pollution threatens the world’s oceans. It also poses direct and indirect risks to human health. We hope the bipartisan support this study has received[32] is a sign that U.S. leaders are ready to take far-reaching action on this critical environmental problem.
References
- ^ beaches (www.nationalgeographic.com)
- ^ fish (theconversation.com)
- ^ Arctic sea ice (doi.org)
- ^ new report (www.nap.edu)
- ^ largest global source of plastic waste (dx.doi.org)
- ^ only a small fraction (www.epa.gov)
- ^ grossly insufficient (www.nap.edu)
- ^ effects of plastic pollution (scholar.google.com)
- ^ marine (scholar.google.com)
- ^ ecosystems (scholar.google.com)
- ^ late 1960s (doi.org)
- ^ early 1970s (dx.doi.org)
- ^ oceanographer Charles Moore (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ Great Pacific Garbage Patch (www.nationalgeographic.org)
- ^ the South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean (oceanservice.noaa.gov)
- ^ Over 700 marine species (dx.doi.org)
- ^ over 200 species of fish that humans eat (doi.org)
- ^ fragments into beverages (pubs.acs.org)
- ^ inhale microplastic particles in household dust (doi.org)
- ^ interfere with hormones that regulate many processes in our bodies (doi.org)
- ^ cause developmental problems in children (doi.org)
- ^ alter human metabolic processes in ways that promote obesity (doi.org)
- ^ Marine Debris Program (marinedebris.noaa.gov)
- ^ BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill (www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov)
- ^ Surfrider Foundation (www.surfrider.org)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ $US7 million (www.noaa.gov)
- ^ increased by $9 million for fiscal 2022 (www.noaa.gov)
- ^ oil drilling emissions (doi.org)
- ^ production or incineration of plastics (ej4all.org)
- ^ Sign up today (memberservices.theconversation.com)
- ^ bipartisan support this study has received (www.sullivan.senate.gov)
Authors: Matthew Savoca, Postdoctoral researcher, Stanford University
