Free-range parenting gets legal protection in Utah – but should the state dictate how to parent?
- Written by David Pimentel, Associate Professor of Law, University of Idaho
Americans have long debated what constitutes good parenting. In 1928, John B. Watson advised parents[1] to “never hug or kiss” their children. In 1946, Benjamin Spock urged parents[2] to trust their instincts.
A recent trend in this ongoing debate[3] has focused on safety, favoring highly protective parenting. This new norm[4] calls for constant supervision, driven in large part by fears of abduction, but also reflects a priority to protect children[5] from any potential harm.
Advocates of so-called free-range parenting have pushed back[6]. They insist that overprotection does more harm than good[7], and that excessive hovering inhibits children’s development in a number of ways.
A tough balancing act
The arguments in favor of free-range parenting are compelling, particularly because the dangers and fears driving more protective parenting approaches – most notably “stranger danger” – have largely been debunked[8]. On the other hand, children are vulnerable members of society who may need protection, at times, from even their own parents. Historically, American society has entrusted such debates to the marketplace of ideas.
As a scholar who studies issues of child protection and parental rights[9], however, I believe that conversation may be stifled when the legal system decides to take sides.
Indeed, the media has begun reporting a steady stream of legal actions taken against parents[10] who opt for long-leash parenting. Parents have been charged with neglect and endangerment for allowing their kids to engage in various activities – such as walking to school, bicycling in the streets, playing in the park – without close adult supervision. Yet all of these activities were part of normal childhood only a generation ago[11]. Parents who dare defy the new parenting orthodoxy risk serious legal consequences, ranging from having their children taken away[12] to criminal prosecution[13].
In response, the state of Utah recently passed legislation[14] that defines “neglect” to exclude allowing children “of sufficient age and maturity” to walk or bike to school, engage in outdoor play, stay home unattended, or “engage in similar independent activity.” It is the first salvo on behalf of the free-range parenting advocates in the ongoing battle over enforcement of hyper-protective parenting norms.
Parents threatened
Parents, of course, have constitutional rights[15] to raise their children as they see fit. But more often than not, these rights are neither asserted nor respected[16]. When faced with the threat of having their children taken from them, even temporarily, parents understandably waive these rights[17] and apologize and grovel, promising to adhere to highly protective parenting norms in the future. The resulting settlement allows the parents to retain custody, but effectively bullies everyone into parenting in the “approved” way[18].
The underlying problem is far greater than the squelching of free-range parenting, whatever its merits, particularly for the less privileged, who are far more vulnerable to this type of threat and coercion.
A single mother who left her daughter at the park to play[19] while she reported to her job at McDonalds, and a single mother who left her kids to wait[20] in the car while she interviewed for a much-needed job, were both arrested. They couldn’t afford child care, and couldn’t afford to stay home and be a full-time parent either. They were punished for parenting while poor – and, in these cases, black[21]. They were free-range parents not by choice, but by necessity.
Cultural differences
Families from various cultural groups in America are similarly at risk, and even a law like Utah’s may not help them. For example, it has been the cultural norm in large families in Latino communities[22] to entrust the care of little ones to their older siblings, a practice the authorities now frown upon[23]. Scandinavian parents, who traditionally have their babies nap outdoors[24] unattended, even in winter, have faced similar legal pushback[25].
What about parents who want to swaddle their babies[26], bottle-feed them[27] or co-sleep with them[28]? Will they be subject to intervention by the state?
I believe the Utah legislation is a landmark achievement, but it falls short of returning the larger issue of parenting style to the sole discretion of the parents. It merely carves exceptions for free-rangers into the rules – rules still dictated by the state, for how parents are permitted to parent. Libertarian sensibilities – including those of the growing array of homeschooling families, who refuse to allow the state to control how their kids are taught and socialized[29] – are unlikely to be assuaged.
Respecting parents’ rights is hard to do, given the state’s countervailing need to protect vulnerable children from abuse and neglect. Utah has tipped the balance, restoring some discretion to parents, and reopening the door, just a crack, to the marketplace of ideas on parenting practices. But the legal battle over “who decides what’s best for my child” is far from over.
References
- ^ advised parents (books.google.com)
- ^ urged parents (www.bbc.com)
- ^ this ongoing debate (www.wsj.com)
- ^ new norm (poseidon01.ssrn.com)
- ^ priority to protect children (content.time.com)
- ^ free-range parenting have pushed back (poseidon01.ssrn.com)
- ^ more harm than good (www.psychologytoday.com)
- ^ debunked (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ scholar who studies issues of child protection and parental rights (scholar.google.com)
- ^ legal actions taken against parents (dc.law.utah.edu)
- ^ all of these activities were part of normal childhood only a generation ago (www.pbs.org)
- ^ having their children taken away (www.americanbar.org)
- ^ criminal prosecution (www.americanbar.org)
- ^ legislation (le.utah.gov)
- ^ constitutional rights (www.cardozolawreview.com)
- ^ these rights are neither asserted nor respected (www.cardozolawreview.com)
- ^ parents understandably waive these rights (www.cardozolawreview.com)
- ^ parenting in the “approved” way (www.cardozolawreview.com)
- ^ left her daughter at the park to play (www.theatlantic.com)
- ^ single mother who left her kids to wait (www.usatoday.com)
- ^ punished for parenting while poor – and, in these cases, black (www.latimes.com)
- ^ cultural norm in large families in Latino communities (www.brycs.org)
- ^ frown upon (www.brainchildmag.com)
- ^ nap outdoors (www.bbc.com)
- ^ legal pushback (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ swaddle their babies (www.babysleepsite.com)
- ^ bottle-feed them (www.cnn.com)
- ^ co-sleep with them (www.huffingtonpost.com)
- ^ who refuse to allow the state to control how their kids are taught and socialized (psmag.com)
Authors: David Pimentel, Associate Professor of Law, University of Idaho
