Haitians protest their president in English as well as Creole, indicting US for its role in country's political crisis

Haitian protesters on the nation’s streets have a laundry list of reasons they believe President Jovenel Moïse should resign.

They blame Moïse for overstaying his term, which should have ended on Feb. 7^[1], for fiscal austerity that has caused rapid inflation and deteriorating living conditions^[2] and for sponsoring gang attacks that have killed at least 240 people^[3] since 2018, according to human rights groups.

And though very few people in Haiti speak English^[4], Haitian protesters are using English to make their demands known, with viral Twitter protest hashtags^[5] like #FreeHaiti^[6] and protest signs reading “Jovenel is a dictator.”

My research on imperialism and Caribbean politics^[7] suggests Haitians are using English not only to draw Western attention to the crisis there^[8], but also to indict the U.S. for its role in creating that crisis^[9].

A scandal-plagued president

Sustained protests^[10] have been a hallmark of Moïse’s tenure since he was elected in November 2016^[11] in an election that fewer than 12% of Haitians voted in.

Moïse was the handpicked successor of Haiti’s unpopular last president, Michel Martelly^[13]. His meager 2016 electoral success came after two years of delayed votes and confirmed electoral fraud by Martelly’s government^[14]. In 2017, his first year in office, the Haitian Senate issued a report accusing Moïse^[15] of embezzling at least US$700,000 of public money from an infrastructure development fund called PetroCaribe to his personal banana business^[16].

Protesters flooded into the streets crying “Kot Kòb Petwo Karibe a^[17]?” – “where is the PetroCaribe money?”

Lacking the trust of the Haitian people, Moïse has relied on hard power to remain in office.

He created a kind of police state in Haiti, reviving the national army^[18] two decades after it was disbanded and creating a domestic intelligence agency^[19] with surveillance powers. Since early last year, Moïse has also been ruling by decree. He effectively shuttered the Haitian legislature by refusing to hold parliamentary elections scheduled for January 2020^[20] and summarily dismissed all of the country’s elected mayors in July 2020^[21] when their terms expired.

Existing street protests exploded early this year after Moïse refused to hold a presidential election and step down when his term ended in Feburary 2021^[22]. Instead, he claims his term ends in February 2022, because Haiti’s 2016 election was postponed.

In the coming months, Moïse says, he intends to change the Haitian Constitution^[23] to strengthen the powers of the presidency and prolong his administration^[24].

Memories of a dictatorship

For many Haitians, Moïse’s undemocratic power grabs recall the 30-year, U.S.-backed dictatorship of François Duvalier, aka “Papa Doc,” and his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier.

Both Papa Doc and Baby Doc relied on murdering^[26] and brutalizing^[27] Haitians to remain in power, in close collaboration with Western corporate and political interests^[28] in Haiti. The Duvaliers enriched themselves – along with Haiti’s American financial investors and U.S. manufacturers based there^[29] – while leaving the country in massive debt.

When mounting Haitian protests ended the regime in 1986, Baby Doc fled the country. Haiti was in economic collapse and social ruin^[30].

The 1987 Haitian Constitution that Moïse now seeks to change was written soon after to ensure that Haiti would never slide back into dictatorship.

Beyond Moïse’s use of state violence to suppress opposition, Haitian protesters today see another similarity with the Duvalier era: the United States’ support.

In March, the U.S. State Department announced that it supports Moïse’s decision to remain in office until 2022^[31], to give the crisis-stricken country time to “elect their leaders and restore Haiti’s democratic institutions.”

That stance – which echoes that of Western-dominated international organizations that hold substantial sway in Haiti, such as the Organization of American States^[32] – sustains what is left of Moïse’s legitimacy to remain president.

Haitians unhappy with continued American support for their embattled president have held numerous demonstrations outside the U.S. embassy^[33] in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince^[34], while Haitian Americans in the U.S. have protested outside the Haitian embassy in Washington, D.C.^[35]

Some Haitian demonstrators have also burned the American flag^[36] at several protests in Port-au-Prince^[37]. The flag-burning, like the English-language protest slogans, aims to highlight the history of Western foreign intervention that created the disaster situation in Haiti.

From its invasion and military occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1934 to its support of the Duvalier regime, the U.S. has played a major role in destabilizing Haiti^[38]. Ever since the devastating Haitian earthquake of 2010, international organizations like the United Nations and nonprofits like the American Red Cross have also had an outsize presence in the country^[39].

Last year, protesters staged demonstrations outside the United Nations headquarters in Haiti as the U.N. Security Council met to discuss Moïse’s future and the country’s political crisis. Their message, according to the publication Haïti Liberté^[40], “No more foreign meddling.”

Why English?

Haitian protesters aren’t the only non-English-speaking protesters to use English to air their grievances. In Myanmar, where a Feb. 1 coup overthrew the country’s democratically elected government, English-language protest signs, videos and hashtags abound^[42].

According to linguist Mary Lynne Gasaway Hill’s 2018 book, “The Language of Protest^[43],” using a widely spoken, politically dominant language like English helps to get traditional news outlets to cover uprisings occurring abroad. And if the state cracks down on dissent, that means international audiences will see the violence, too – potentially protecting protesters and hurting the government’s credibility.

[Insight, in your inbox each day. You can get it with The Conversation’s email newsletter^[44].]

English is a more likely protest tool, then, in a country where local people feel – or in fact are – powerless to effect change without outside alliances. Coupled with “social media and the rapidity of globalized communication,” Hill writes, English protest messages can raise some critical international solidarity.

I see another reason, too, for Haitian protesters’ recent adoption of English: It is the language of the United States, the world’s most powerful country and Moïse’s most influential international backer.

Haitians’ cries to “Free Haiti” ask Americans not only to pay attention to their struggle – but also to consider their country’s responsibility for it.

References

1. ^{^} Feb. 7 (nacla.org)
2. ^{^} rapid inflation and deteriorating living conditions (www.economist.com)
3. ^{^} gang attacks that have killed at least 240 people (hrp.law.harvard.edu)
4. ^{^} very few people in Haiti speak English (www.worldatlas.com)
5. ^{^} Twitter protest hashtags (twitter.com)
6. ^{^} #FreeHaiti (haitiantimes.com)
7. ^{^} imperialism and Caribbean politics (pir.fiu.edu)
8. ^{^} draw Western attention to the crisis there (www.coha.org)
9. ^{^} role in creating that crisis (www.voanews.com)
10. ^{^} Sustained protests (theconversation.com)
11. ^{^} elected in November 2016 (haitiliberte.com)
12. ^{^} Jovenel at a podium with men sitting behind him (www.gettyimages.com)
13. ^{^} handpicked successor of Haiti’s unpopular last president, Michel Martelly (www.globalsecurity.org)
14. ^{^} confirmed electoral fraud by Martelly’s government (worldpolicy.org)
15. ^{^} the Haitian Senate issued a report accusing Moïse (haitiliberte.com)
16. ^{^} to his personal banana business (time.com)
17. ^{^} Kot Kòb Petwo Karibe a (theweek.com)
18. ^{^} reviving the national army (www.reuters.com)
19. ^{^} creating a domestic intelligence agency (cepr.net)
20. ^{^} hold parliamentary elections scheduled for January 2020 (www.economist.com)
21. ^{^} dismissed all of the country’s elected mayors in July 2020 (www.miamiherald.com)
22. ^{^} step down when his term ended in Feburary 2021 (www.haiti.org)
23. ^{^} intends to change the Haitian Constitution (www.liberationnews.org)
24. ^{^} prolong his administration (www.bloomberg.com)
25. ^{^} AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
26. ^{^} murdering (www.sjsu.edu)
27. ^{^} brutalizing (www.latimes.com)
28. ^{^} Western corporate and political interests (origins.osu.edu)
29. ^{^} Haiti’s American financial investors and U.S. manufacturers based there (theconversation.com)
30. ^{^} economic collapse and social ruin (scholarworks.uvm.edu)
31. ^{^} decision to remain in office until 2022 (responsiblestatecraft.org)
32. ^{^} such as the Organization of American States (dyalog.org)
33. ^{^} numerous demonstrations outside the U.S. embassy (abcnews.go.com)
34. ^{^} the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince (www.garda.com)
35. ^{^} protested outside the Haitian embassy in Washington, D.C. (www.peoplesworld.org)
36. ^{^} burned the American flag (www.bloomberg.com)
37. ^{^} protests in Port-au-Prince (www.miamiherald.com)
38. ^{^} major role in destabilizing Haiti (library.brown.edu)
39. ^{^} outsize presence in the country (theconversation.com)
40. ^{^} according to the publication Haïti Liberté (www.struggle-la-lucha.org)
41. ^{^} CHANDAN KHANNA/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
42. ^{^} English-language protest signs, videos and hashtags abound (www.elgazette.com)
43. ^{^} The Language of Protest (www.palgrave.com)
44. ^{^} You can get it with The Conversation’s email newsletter (theconversation.com)