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  • Written by Sarah Klassen, Postdoctoral Researcher of Archaeological Sciences, Leiden University

How big were the world’s ancient cities? At its height, the world’s first city of Uruk may have had about 40,000 people[1] about 5,000 years ago. In the medieval period, London may have had a population of about a quarter of a million people, growing to approximately 600,000[2] by the early 17th century.

One of the world’s largest ancient cities lay in the jungles of Southeast Asia in the greater Angkor region located in contemporary Cambodia. This medieval site was home to the Angkor or Khmer Empire from the ninth to 15th centuries. You might be familiar with the famous Angkorian temple, Angkor Wat, one of the largest religious monuments in the world.

Angkor Wat temple with palm trees The Angkor Wat temple is one of more than a thousand built during the Angkor Empire in this region. Alison Carter, CC BY-ND[3]

But most people don’t realize that Angkor Wat is just one of more than a thousand temples in the greater Angkor region. Our research suggests that this settlement may have been home to between 700,000 and 900,000 people at its height in the 13th century. This means that the population of Angkor was roughly comparable to the almost 1 million people who lived in ancient Rome at its height[4].

Here’s how our[5] interdisciplinary team[6] came up with our population estimate for Angkor and how it grew over time[7].

Mapping medieval structures in Angkor

Over the last 30 years, archaeologists working in collaboration with Cambodia’s APSARA Authority[8] have been exploring the jungles and rice fields of Cambodia, documenting thousands of medieval features that remain inscribed on the landscape. This work has included digging traditional excavation sites, surveying the landscape from the back of dirt bikes and scanning satellite imagery for traces of these ancient features.

Our knowledge of the region entered a new era in 2012, when researchers from the Khmer Archaeological Lidar Consortium[9] organized a mission of airborne-laser scanning across this World Heritage site[10]. Called lidar, this technology was able to do in a few days of scanning and data-processing what had previously taken archaeologists months if not years of work: see through dense vegetation to accurately map the ground surface of Angkor.

archaeological map of Greater Angkor Region Top: The greater Angkor region’s civic-ceremonial center was surrounded by rice fields and the Angkor metropolitan area. Transportation and hydraulic features such as roads, canals and dikes integrated the region. Bottom: Major temples labeled on map of the civic-ceremonial center. Figure originally published in Science Advances. C. Pottier, D. Evans and J-B. Chevance, CC BY-ND[11]

With this lidar data[12], researchers were able to map tens of thousands of archaeological features at Angkor. Because Angkorian people, like many Cambodians today, built their houses out of organic materials and on wooden posts, these structures are long gone and not visible on the landscape. But lidar revealed a complex urban landscape complete with city blocks consisting of the mounds where people built their houses and small ponds located next to them.

This work has created one of the most comprehensive maps of a sprawling medieval city in the world, leading us to ask: How did the city develop over time, and how many people lived here?

Deducing who used these structures and how

Our new research published in the journal Science Advances[13] created a comprehensive database that unites 2012 lidar mapping work with a massive archaeological data set acquired by an international[14] team[15] of scholars over the last 30 years. Our goal was to combine all available data into one framework so we could understand which buildings had existed at various points in time and then ascribe the right number of people to each structure in order to come up with overall population estimates.

Human faces carved into stone towers of an Angkor temple The face towers at the Bayon Temple are a well-known feature of the ‘downtown’ area of the greater Angkor region. Alison Carter, CC BY-ND[16]

The part of Angkor’s landscape that most people are familiar with is what we call the civic-ceremonial center – it includes major stone temples such as Angkor Wat and the Bayon[17]. These areas are similar to what you might consider “downtown.” We think many of the people living here supported the operation of the temples and state government as craft specialists, artisans, dancers, priests or teachers. These people would have relied on rice surplus generated by farmers, although recent work suggests they may have also tended small house gardens[18].

People who inhabited the occupation mounds and rice fields in the surrounding Angkor metropolitan area had a different kind of lifestyle. These people were predominantly farmers and would have spent their days planting and harvesting rice.

The third area of occupation was on the embankments of roads and canals. Very little research has been done on the embankments, but some members of our team think that people lived on these features and would have been engaged in trade and commerce.

Contemporary dwellings in Cambodia built on stilts Contemporary Cambodian homes built on posts can be made of more modern materials or traditional wood and thatch. Alison Carter, CC BY-ND[19]

Placing people on a timeline

Next we wanted to figure out when people were using these structures and if they were living in different areas at different times.

In some cases, we could use inscriptions and changes in the decorative styles of the temples to help date features on the landscape. In other cases, we used machine learning algorithms[20] to sort temples in terms of similarity based on every bit of information we have about them: orientation, size, artifact types, pedestal types and so on. Then we used the known dates we do have for some temples to predict dates for others based on how close they are to each other on the algorithm’s graph.

Artist's aerial reconstruction of a medieval Angkor settlement Reconstruction of a medieval settlement and village shrine in the south of Angkor. Tom Chandler and Micheal Lim, Monash University, 2011, CC BY-NC-ND[21]

Combining the lidar data showing the location of mounds and our database dating features on the landscape, we were able to estimate the growth of the population over time in these areas. But it was tricky and will require some additional work to confirm our model.

Using excavation data from work by the Greater Angkor Project at Angkor Wat[22], we hypothesize that households in Angkor’s civic-ceremonial center and on the embankments were approximately 6,500 square feet (600 square meters). Ethnographic data suggest that there may have been five people in a household of this size.

Estimating population in the rice fields surrounding the civic-ceremonial center, what we call the Angkor metropolitan area, was more difficult as few occupation mounds remain. However, dispersed among rice fields were temples, which were likely the social basis for these communities. These areas are similar to farming communities in the U.S., where people are primarily involved with agriculture but congregate at their places of worship. Ethnographic data suggests each of these small temples may have served about 100 families, or 500 people.

Animation of the population density and growth of Angkor over time.

In the early stages of Angkor’s growth, we found fairly equal population in the civic-ceremonial center and Angkor metropolitan area, but then the population in the countryside exploded as the city began to grow. In contrast, the civic-ceremonial center’s population grew more slowly until the late 12th century. Our ongoing research explores how and why these changes took place. Densities also increased in both the Angkor metropolitan area and the civic-ceremonial center, which provides clues about how population levels and land-use patterns evolved over the city’s life span.

Cities gone for centuries hold lessons for today

By viewing this data in aggregate, we were able to put the pieces of the puzzle together and reconstruct the past landscapes of Angkor like never before. Combined, we start to get a pretty clear idea of how the city developed, including who was living where and when as well as how that affected the development of the city.

[Like what you’ve read? Want more? Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter[23].]

Our research has broad implications that reach far beyond how many people lived in the greater Angkor region over a thousand years ago. Researchers can apply this precise information about how a city grew, how many people lived there, where they lived and what they did to the challenges of contemporary cities.

What makes them resilient to climatic, social and political challenges? How do you support this many people living in close quarters? What happens when people congregate in a small space and the populations get larger and larger over time? Are there efficiencies of scale? Do cities lead to inequality? Are there universal and mathematical truths that define the relationships between people and cities?

By looking at examples of urbanism from the past, researchers can start to answer some of these questions for the future of today’s cities.

References

  1. ^ 40,000 people (www.routledge.com)
  2. ^ approximately 600,000 (www.theguardian.com)
  3. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  4. ^ ancient Rome at its height (doi.org)
  5. ^ how our (scholar.google.com)
  6. ^ interdisciplinary team (scholar.google.com)
  7. ^ population estimate for Angkor and how it grew over time (advances.sciencemag.org)
  8. ^ APSARA Authority (apsaraauthority.gov.kh)
  9. ^ Khmer Archaeological Lidar Consortium (angkorlidar.org)
  10. ^ this World Heritage site (whc.unesco.org)
  11. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  12. ^ this lidar data (doi.org)
  13. ^ published in the journal Science Advances (advances.sciencemag.org)
  14. ^ international (www.sydney.edu.au)
  15. ^ team (www.efeo.fr)
  16. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  17. ^ Angkor Wat and the Bayon (earth.google.com)
  18. ^ may have also tended small house gardens (doi.org)
  19. ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
  20. ^ we used machine learning algorithms (doi.org)
  21. ^ CC BY-NC-ND (creativecommons.org)
  22. ^ Greater Angkor Project at Angkor Wat (theconversation.com)
  23. ^ Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter (theconversation.com)

Authors: Sarah Klassen, Postdoctoral Researcher of Archaeological Sciences, Leiden University

Read more https://theconversation.com/a-metropolis-arose-in-medieval-cambodia-new-research-shows-how-many-people-lived-in-the-angkor-empire-over-time-157573

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