Civics education isn't boosting youth voting or volunteerism

After the insurrection, the impeachment, the trial and ongoing partisanship in 2021, many Americans are looking to civics education as a source of hope, according to George Washington University’s Center on Education Policy, which reports that “Nearly all Americans (97%) agree that public schools should be teaching civics^[1].”

According to the Center for American Progress^[2], civics classes teach students about how the U.S. government works, history about how it was designed and information about how to participate, including voting. After those sorts of courses, it seems reasonable to expect that students should be voting more and engaging in community service.

But my research shows that states that require civics courses do not necessarily have better test scores, more youth voting or young people volunteering at higher rates than other states. And there may be a connection to QAnon support as well.

I’m a political science professor^[3] who also teaches government, history, geography and economics classes to college students who major in education. So I strongly believe that civics education is a good thing.

Unfortunately, though, my research has found that civics education isn’t making the grade. In states that require students to take a civics course, young voters have slightly lower average voting rates – 29.9% – than states without such a requirement – 31.9%.

I analyzed data from the latest study by the Center for American Progress^[4], which provides information on which states require a civics test, and the voting rates for 18-to-24-year-olds, volunteer rates for 16-to-24-year-olds and average scores on the College Board’s Advanced Placement^[5] civics and U.S. government test.

Civics class requirements

Washington, D.C., and 39 states – including California, Iowa and South Carolina – have a civics class requirement. These same places also have lower percentages of youth volunteer rates – 22.7% on average – than states without such a civics course requirement. In states that do not have a civics class requirement, including New Jersey, Kentucky and Nebraska, the average youth volunteer rate is 23.5%.

States which require a civics course also have slightly lower scores on the Advanced Placement test about U.S. government and politics – 2.75 out of 5 – than states that do not make their students take a civics course – 2.84. A score of 4 or 5 is often accepted for college credit in political science, though some schools may accept a 3 on the AP test, which covers subjects such as the foundations of American democracy, civil liberties and civil rights, as well as American political ideologies and beliefs, according to The College Board^[6].

Passing a civics exam

Nineteen states require passage of a civics exam for graduation, including Kentucky, which does not have a specific course requirement. But that doesn’t seem to make a difference in boosting youth civic engagement or knowledge. States with the requirement have roughly similar youth voting rates – 30% – as states that do not require passage of a civics exam – 30.6%.

States demanding a civics exam be passed before receiving a high school diploma also have average test scores on AP exams related to civics or government – 2.80 – similar to those states without such a requirement – 2.75.

There is one bright spot, though: States with a civics exam have higher volunteer rates among younger people – 22.2% on average – than those states that do not – 17.5%.

Community service requirements

Nearly half of all states, plus the District of Columbia, require some sort of community service requirement or provide high school credit for students who volunteer, according to the Center for American Progress^[7].

But I was dismayed to find that states without such a requirement had higher rates of volunteerism among younger people – an average of 24.4% – than among those states with a community service mandate – 21.3%.

And states requiring high school students to do community service have lower youth voting rates – 29.3% – than states where schools did not require volunteering – 31.4%.

Countering QAnon?

Failure to provide an adequate civics education doesn’t just mean lower numbers of young people voting, volunteering and scoring a little lower on AP test scores. It could open the door for QAnon, a wide-ranging conspiracy theory that claims former President Donald Trump is helping the late John F. Kennedy Jr. battle a secret cabal of cannibalistic pedophiles^[8].

States with lower levels of youth volunteering, youth voting and youth civics test scores are also more likely to have QAnon sympathizers active in politics, or politicians who oppose criticism of QAnon.

To determine this, I looked at states which had a congressional candidate who openly espoused some or all of the QAnon philosophy^[9]. I also examined which states had a representative who voted against a congressional resolution denouncing QAnon^[10],

The 24 states with QAnon-supporting politicians had lower average youth voting rates – 38.5% – than states without them – 42.4%. They also had lower average youth volunteering rates – 21.8% – than states without major politicians supporting QAnon – 24%.

There was no significant difference in AP test scores between the two groups of states.

Our country’s civics education may not help solve the nation’s current political crises. But reform efforts touted by the Center for American Progress^[11] are under way in several states to help replace memorizing facts and figures with active learning designed to engage students in real-life problems in and out of the classroom.

[You need to understand the coronavirus pandemic, and we can help. Read The Conversation’s newsletter^[12].]

References

1. ^{^} Nearly all Americans (97%) agree that public schools should be teaching civics (eric.ed.gov)
2. ^{^} According to the Center for American Progress (www.americanprogress.org)
3. ^{^} political science professor (scholar.google.com)
4. ^{^} Center for American Progress (www.americanprogress.org)
5. ^{^} College Board’s Advanced Placement (ap.collegeboard.org)
6. ^{^} The College Board (apcentral.collegeboard.org)
7. ^{^} Center for American Progress (www.americanprogress.org)
8. ^{^} battle a secret cabal of cannibalistic pedophiles (www.bbc.com)
9. ^{^} congressional candidate who openly espoused some or all of the QAnon philosophy (www.mediamatters.org)
10. ^{^} representative who voted against a congressional resolution denouncing QAnon (thehill.com)
11. ^{^} reform efforts touted by the Center for American Progress (www.americanprogress.org)
12. ^{^} Read The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)