Election violence spiked worldwide in 2020 – will this year be better?
- Written by Clayton Besaw, Research Affiliate and Senior Analyst, University of Central Florida
The insurrection at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6 shocked Americans and the world[1]. But the U.S. was not alone in its rocky transfer of power[2]: Last year saw more election-related violence than any year in the past four decades.
Fifty-four percent of national elections that took place in 2020 had some form of violence, according to a new election violence database[3] my team of conflict analysts released in 2021. That’s 33 national votes marred by violence.
Election violence is a type of political violence that seeks to unduly influence the process and outcome of a vote. Attacks can be perpetrated by governments or civilians, against electoral infrastructure, political parties or voters.
Our database tracks all incidents of election violence going back to 1975. Until last year, the worse year was 1990, when violence occurred in around 46% of elections. The median annual rate dating back to 1975 is 30%.
How will 2021 stack up?
Countries to watch
So far, this year looks to be slightly more peaceful than last.
Of 42 national elections scheduled to occur in 2021, our data forecasts that roughly 40% are at high risk of violence. Chad[4], Ethiopia[5] and Haiti are at the most risk for election-related violence this year.
Chile, a generally stable democracy, is also unusually high on the list after a year of civil unrest[6].
Why these countries?
Though the causes of election violence are complex and unique to each country, my research[7] finds many places that experience election violence share the same five characteristics:
- a history of election violence (indicating violence is “normalized”)
- high coup risk (an indicator of a weak state)
- high infant mortality rate (an indicator of a weak state)
- pervasive political violence (an indicator of a weak state)
- low gross domestic product (indicating a struggling economy)
When all five characteristics are present, our early warning forecaster[8] raises red flags.
How we predict violence
The national data we processed finds that countries with longer and more recent histories of election violence are at risk of more violence. The presence of other kinds of political violence[9] – terrorism or civil war, for example – also increases the risk of election violence because political attacks[10] can come to be seen as “normal.”
The government’s ability to exercise power is another important factor in election violence risk. That’s because authorities in weak states usually cannot physically stop clashes[11] – even if, as was the case in Kenya’s 2007 election[12], they can reasonably foresee conflict erupting.
History shows a weak government may also inflict election violence if the incumbent fears losing political power. That’s what Azerbaijan’s president did in 2005[13] when growing political opposition threatened his leadership before the election.
To measure state capacity, we consider infant mortality rate, gross domestic product and the risk of regime change. These factors show the government’s ability to maintain stability and promote well-being, which are reliable indicators of its power.
Election violence in democracies
The data shows that election violence in both democracies and nondemocracies is increasing at similar rates worldwide – though the violence plays out differently, and occurs for different reasons.
In democracies, election violence[14] can occur because of bitter partisan competition[15] or as a result of political violence[16] becoming normalized. An incumbent leader[17] who directly or indirectly encourages violence[18] to suppress the opposition can also catalyze violence.
President Donald Trump did this[19] before and after the United States’ 2020 election[20], which led to the Capitol riot that killed five people[21].
In Nigeria’s 2011 presidential election, over 800 people were killed[22] by violent mobs when candidate Muhammadu Buhari refused to concede defeat. His denial of election results exacerbated preexisting religious and regional tensions between the north and south.
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Election violence undermines the legitimacy of a country’s political system[24]. By reducing voter confidence in peaceful democratic transition, it can eventually result in a shift toward more authoritarian governance[25].
Violence in authoritarian regimes
In places that already have authoritarian governments, bloodshed during election season isn’t a surprise. Often, it’s an organized strategy[26] used to keep votes from being free and fair – part of the broader toolkit that many autocratic leaders use to repress and manipulate the citizenry.
Zimbabwe and Belarus are useful examples.
During dictator Robert Mugabe’s 30-year rule of Zimbabwe, for example, his ZANU-PF party allowed opposition candidates to run for office – but regularly used violence to neutralize and intimidate the electoral opposition. Even after Mugabe’s ouster in a 2017 coup[27], the country’s new rulers continued this strategy.
The August 2020 Belarusian presidential election saw embattled President Victor Lukashenko use similar tactics to declare his win. Opposition candidates and party members were arrested and threatened[28] in the lead-up to the highly contested August election, spurring massive protests.
Election-related violence will persist for the foreseeable future. In democracies and nondemocracies alike, strategic attacks serve those who have power and want to keep it.
Matthew Frank, a researcher at the One Earth Foundation, contributed research and analysis to this story.
References
- ^ U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6 shocked Americans and the world (theconversation.com)
- ^ its rocky transfer of power (theconversation.com)
- ^ a new election violence database (oefdatascience.github.io)
- ^ Chad (www.aljazeera.com)
- ^ Ethiopia (theconversation.com)
- ^ year of civil unrest (theconversation.com)
- ^ my research (oefdatascience.github.io)
- ^ early warning forecaster (oefdatascience.github.io)
- ^ other kinds of political violence (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ political attacks (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ weak states usually cannot physically stop clashes (books.google.com)
- ^ Kenya’s 2007 election (www.hrw.org)
- ^ president did in 2005 (eprints.lse.ac.uk)
- ^ election violence (politicalviolenceataglance.org)
- ^ bitter partisan competition (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ political violence (www.jstor.org)
- ^ incumbent leader (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ encourages violence (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ President Donald Trump did this (www.newsday.com)
- ^ after the United States’ 2020 election (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ killed five people (edition.cnn.com)
- ^ 800 people were killed (www.reuters.com)
- ^ Subscribe to The Conversation’s politics newsletter (theconversation.com)
- ^ legitimacy of a country’s political system (politicalviolenceataglance.org)
- ^ a shift toward more authoritarian governance (muse.jhu.edu)
- ^ organized strategy (time.com)
- ^ after Mugabe’s ouster in a 2017 coup (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ were arrested and threatened (www.washingtonpost.com)
Authors: Clayton Besaw, Research Affiliate and Senior Analyst, University of Central Florida
