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  • Written by Theresa Crimmins, Director, USA National Phenology Network, University of Arizona

The rapid spread of COVID-19 in 2020 disrupted field research and environmental monitoring efforts worldwide. Travel restrictions and social distancing forced scientists to cancel studies[1] or pause their work for months. These limits measurably reduced the accuracy of weather forecasts[2] and created data gaps on issues ranging from bird migration[3] to civil rights in U.S. public schools[4].

Our work relies on this kind of information to track seasonal events in nature[5] and understand how climate change[6] is affecting them[7]. We also recruit and train citizens[8] for community science – projects that involve amateur or volunteer scientists in scientific research[9], also known as citizen science. This often involves collecting observations of phenomena such as plants and animals[10], daily rainfall totals[11], water quality[12] or asteroids[13].

Participation in many community science programs has skyrocketed during COVID-19 lockdowns, with some programs reporting record numbers of contributors[14]. We believe these efforts can help to offset data losses from the shutdown of formal monitoring activities.

Nature’s Notebook is a community-based science project that invites participants to track seasonal changes in plants and animals.

Why is uninterrupted monitoring important?

Regular, long-term tracking of phenomena such as plant and animal abundance, composition and activity is critical for understanding change. It enables researchers to see the impacts of natural disturbance events, such as wildfires[15], and human activities, such as construction and development[16]. Long-term studies offer insights into patterns and processes that can’t be derived from shorter studies, and help experts make better predictions about the future.

Interruptions in monitoring make it harder to accurately assess changes. If those disruptions coincide with extreme events, such as a major hurricane, experts miss opportunities to understand the full impacts of those events.

Man holding plastic bottles stands in stream. A researcher takes water samples at the Coweeta Long-Term Ecological Research site in North Carolina’s Appalachian Mountains. U.S. LTER[17]

The U.S. has several long-term ecological monitoring programs, including the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)[18], the Long Term Ecological Research Network[19] and federal inventory and monitoring programs[20]. Many state and local government agencies carry out similar activities. The pandemic has significantly disrupted[21] all of these programs.

Reasons to engage the public in science

Community science is a strong complement to formal research. By engaging willing volunteers, community programs yield much more data[22] and cover larger areas than professional scientists can achieve on their own.

We help manage two popular biodiversity-themed community science programs in the U.S.: eButterfly[23], a program for tracking butterfly sightings, and Nature’s Notebook[24], a program for tracking seasonal activity in plants and animals. Scientists have used data contributed by participants in these programs to verify information collected by satellites[25], determine the conditions associated with flowering[26] in different species of plants, and predict how climate change will shift plant species’ ranges[27] in the future.

Observations contributed to other community science programs have helped to document new insect species[28], discover exoplanets[29] and even find cures for rare diseases[30]. Globally, millions of people[31] participate in thousands of projects[32], resulting in data valued at more than US$1 billion annually[33].

Community science programs also benefit participants[34]. Joining a community science program can make people more science-literate and help pull back the curtain on how scientific work is done. It also deepens their sense of place and increases their understanding and appreciation for the plants and animals they monitor. We have frequently heard from our participants that making observations has enabled them to see and experience much more in places they know well, and to enjoy those places all the more.

Community science to the rescue

As offices and schools closed in the spring of 2020, many Americans turned to community science programs in search of stimulating and meaningful activities for children[35] and adults[36] alike. And despite COVID-19 restrictions, volunteer data collectors have persisted through the pandemic.

In a recent analysis of activity in biodiversity-themed community science programs during COVID-19 lockdowns, we found that participation generally held steady or increased in the spring of 2020. Two popular programs, iNaturalist[37] and eBird[38], both grew. Participation in Nature’s Notebook and eButterfly declined slightly, though volunteers still logged many critical observations. What’s more, community science volunteers in these programs and others have kept at it[39] even as lockdowns have relaxed.

Plant ecologist Chad Washburn explains how the Naples Botanical Garden in Florida uses citizen science research to study plant distribution, flowering times and range.

How good is community data?

One common question about community science projects is whether data collected by volunteers is reliable. This is a valid concern, since many program participants are not formally trained as scientists.

Organizations that run community science programs typically go to great lengths to ensure data quality. To avoid recording erroneous observations, project leaders provide extensive training and support materials. They also construct data entry apps so that volunteers can’t mistakenly input dates in the future, and flag inconsistent reports for review. Several biodiversity-themed programs, including iNaturalist, eBird[40] and eButterfly, engage expert reviewers to evaluate and verify reports.

According to a 2018 review by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, on average, volunteer contributors yield reliable data points about 75% of the time[41]. For some programs, such as Nature’s Notebook[42] and eBird[43], accuracy is over 90%.

SciStarter is a database that volunteers can use to find community science opportunities across the U.S. throughout the year.

How to get involved

Your observations can help fill critical gaps that COVID-19 closures have created. Contributions to iNaturalist[44], eBird[45], eButterfly[46] or Nature’s Notebook[47] are welcome any time of the year, but spring is an ideal time to contribute observations to biodiversity-themed programs to help document plant and animal response to changing seasonal conditions. For example, participants in Nature’s Notebook will help document whether springtime plant and animal activity is early[48] amid the ongoing effects of climate change.

The 2021 City Nature Challenge[49], an effort using iNaturalist to document urban biodiversity in brief, focused events, will run in late April and early May in cities worldwide. Another event, Global Big Day[50] – a single day focused on celebrating and recording birds worldwide – is scheduled for May 8. Even if you’ve never thought of yourself as a scientist, you can help scientists collect data that expand our understanding of the Earth and how it works.

[Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter[51].]

References

  1. ^ cancel studies (theconversation.com)
  2. ^ reduced the accuracy of weather forecasts (www.nature.com)
  3. ^ bird migration (www.audubon.org)
  4. ^ civil rights in U.S. public schools (www.edweek.org)
  5. ^ track seasonal events in nature (www.usanpn.org)
  6. ^ climate change (scholar.google.com)
  7. ^ affecting them (scholar.google.com)
  8. ^ recruit and train citizens (www.semanticscholar.org)
  9. ^ involve amateur or volunteer scientists in scientific research (www.citizenscience.org)
  10. ^ plants and animals (www.inaturalist.org)
  11. ^ daily rainfall totals (www.cocorahs.org)
  12. ^ water quality (www.chesapeakemonitoringcoop.org)
  13. ^ asteroids (scistarter.org)
  14. ^ record numbers of contributors (insideclimatenews.org)
  15. ^ natural disturbance events, such as wildfires (theconversation.com)
  16. ^ human activities, such as construction and development (openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au)
  17. ^ U.S. LTER (lternet.edu)
  18. ^ National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) (www.neonscience.org)
  19. ^ Long Term Ecological Research Network (lternet.edu)
  20. ^ inventory and monitoring programs (www.nps.gov)
  21. ^ significantly disrupted (www.neonscience.org)
  22. ^ much more data (doi.org)
  23. ^ eButterfly (www.e-butterfly.org)
  24. ^ Nature’s Notebook (www.naturesnotebook.org)
  25. ^ verify information collected by satellites (doi.org)
  26. ^ conditions associated with flowering (doi.org)
  27. ^ shift plant species’ ranges (doi.org)
  28. ^ document new insect species (www.discovermagazine.com)
  29. ^ discover exoplanets (science.nasa.gov)
  30. ^ find cures for rare diseases (vector.childrenshospital.org)
  31. ^ millions of people (doi.org)
  32. ^ thousands of projects (scistarter.org)
  33. ^ US$1 billion annually (doi.org)
  34. ^ also benefit participants (osupress.oregonstate.edu)
  35. ^ children (mashable.com)
  36. ^ adults (www.csmonitor.com)
  37. ^ iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org)
  38. ^ eBird (ebird.org)
  39. ^ kept at it (www.vox.com)
  40. ^ eBird (support.ebird.org)
  41. ^ 75% of the time (www.nap.edu)
  42. ^ Nature’s Notebook (doi.org)
  43. ^ eBird (doi.org)
  44. ^ iNaturalist (inaturalist.org)
  45. ^ eBird (ebird.org)
  46. ^ eButterfly (www.e-butterfly.org)
  47. ^ Nature’s Notebook (www.naturesnotebook.org)
  48. ^ springtime plant and animal activity is early (theconversation.com)
  49. ^ City Nature Challenge (citynaturechallenge.org)
  50. ^ Global Big Day (ebird.org)
  51. ^ Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)

Authors: Theresa Crimmins, Director, USA National Phenology Network, University of Arizona

Read more https://theconversation.com/citizen-scientists-are-filling-research-gaps-created-by-the-pandemic-152521

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

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