Llamas are having a moment in the US, but they've been icons in South America for millennia

With their long eyelashes, banana-shaped ears, upturned mouths and stocky bodies covered with curly wool, llamas look like creatures that walked out of a Dr. Seuss story. And now they’re celebrities in the U.S.

Because of their gentle and docile demeanor, llamas are often favorites at petting zoos. They appear at festivals and weddings and have even been deployed as therapy animals^[1].

Llamas have also made medical news in 2020. Their immune systems produce nanobodies^[2] – tiny antibody fragments much smaller than human antibodies – that have potential as COVID-19 treatments^[3]. Scientists are also testing synthetic versions of llama nanobodies as technologies for treating diseases such as cystic fibrosis^[4].

But there’s much more to know about these engaging animals. In my work as a historian of Latin America^[5], I’ve studied their long relationship with humans^[6] in their Andean mountain homelands. These interactions have shaped everything about llamas, from the length and color of their wool to their dispositions and reproductive habits.

A camel lineage

Llamas are the descendants of animals known as wild guanaco^[7], which were domesticated in South America around 4500 B.C. Llamas and guanaco are two of four^[8] South American members of the camel family^[9]. The others are the alpaca^[10] and the vicuña^[11], a wild species renowned for its soft wool.

Breeders regularly pair female llamas with male alpacas to create offspring endowed with fine, valuable alpaca wool. Male llamas are bred with female alpacas to increase the wool’s weight.

These animals were important to the economy of the Incan Empire, which flourished in Peru from about A.D. 1400 to 1533^[12]. Incas used their wool to make fabric, which doubled as a form of currency. The animals also provided meat and carried goods^[13] over some 25,000 miles of Inca roads.

But the Incas didn’t view llamas and their kin just as livestock. Rather, they were deeply woven into the region’s culture and spiritual beliefs. Incas and pre-Incas sacrificed llamas and alpacas^[16] in religious ceremonies to promote fertility in their herds. They served the animals’ meat at state-sponsored celebrations^[17] to honor rain gods. And they sacrificed and buried^[18] these creatures on newly conquered lands to legitimize Inca presence.

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The finest wool

Archaeologists have unearthed mummified alpacas and llamas^[20] in Peru that were more than a thousand years old. The animals had been sacrificed and buried with beads, wool and silver pieces.

Analysis of these perfectly preserved specimens revealed their handlers’ masterful selective breeding techniques. These animals had soft, wispy, quickly growing wool – finer than today’s best cashmere. So what happened to the genes that produced such high-quality wool?

They disappeared.

After the Spanish took control of the Inca empire in the 1540s, Spanish rulers viewed llamas and alpacas as beasts of burden or sources of meat^[21]. Many of the animals died from diseases introduced by the Spaniards’ imported sheep and cattle. It took nearly 300 years for Peruvians to achieve independence, and longer for indigenous Andean peoples’ population and traditional husbandry practices to resume.

Llama dressing

Today it’s not unusual to see llamas dressed in colorful costumes in public squares in Andean towns. This is a longstanding cultural tradition, symbolizing power, respect and reverence among indigenous people^[24], especially in Bolivia and Peru. For example, the Qhapaq Qolla dance^[25], celebrated each July in Paucartambo, Peru, recognizes llamas and their herders as powerful parts of an Andean “cosmovision,” or understanding of the universe.

Andean cultures possess a holistic worldview^[26] that encompasses humans, plants, animals, the land, rivers, mountains, rain, snow and, of course, llamas. Many Andeans associate animals with supernatural beings. Herders in Peru’s Ayacucho region believe that their llama and alpaca flocks do not belong to them – they’re the property of the “wamani^[27]” – spirits that reside within waters or mountain peaks.

They believe that llamas act as an essential conduit between people and the wamani, and herders maintain that connection through ritual obligations that often involve the animals. They may adorn llamas, dress up the animals or “marry” llamas to each other on a wedding bed. Docile animals that cooperate in these ceremonies are kept around, reproducing longer and creating future generations with easygoing temperaments.

The ‘modern’ llama

Llamas first arrived^[28] in the U.S. in the 19th century, imported for zoos and menageries. In 1914 the mayor of Buenos Aires famously gave one to then-Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan^[29], though it wasn’t allowed into the country because it was infected with foot and mouth disease.

By the 1980s llamas had become staple attractions at petting zoos, fairs, dude ranches and private parties. Ranchers bought them to chase coyotes away from their sheep. Back-country guides loaded llamas onto jet boats and herded them into Cessnas for “llama packing^[30]” adventures and hunting excursions.

Investors who bought llamas and alpacas as livestock didn’t fare so well, as there wasn’t much of a U.S. market for their milk or wool. Lobbyists managed to help the industry in the early 2000s by including alpacas in Section 179 deductions intended to grow small businesses. These measures, which were extended in 2010 and remain in force^[31], treat the purchase of alpacas like tractors or other new equipment.

Regardless of these incentives and llamas’ cultural popularity, llama ownership in the U.S. has declined^[32] from nearly 145,000 animals in 2002 to under 40,000 in 2017. While llamas and alpacas can be found in every state, their populations are largely concentrated in Arizona and the Pacific Northwest^[33].

Andean cultures have long fostered relationships of reciprocity between humans and other animals. As medical findings about llama nanobodies suggest, that outlook may be wiser than indigenous South Americans could likely have imagined.

References

1. ^{^} therapy animals (www.washingtonpost.com)
2. ^{^} nanobodies (www.pittwire.pitt.edu)
3. ^{^} COVID-19 treatments (www.statnews.com)
4. ^{^} cystic fibrosis (www.sciencedaily.com)
5. ^{^} historian of Latin America (www.researchgate.net)
6. ^{^} long relationship with humans (doi.org)
7. ^{^} guanaco (www.iucnredlist.org)
8. ^{^} two of four (doi.org)
9. ^{^} camel family (rdcu.be)
10. ^{^} alpaca (www.conopa.org)
11. ^{^} vicuña (www.iucnredlist.org)
12. ^{^} about A.D. 1400 to 1533 (www.ancient.eu)
13. ^{^} carried goods (www.smithsonianmag.com)
14. ^{^} BabelStone/Wikipedia (upload.wikimedia.org)
15. ^{^} CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
16. ^{^} sacrificed llamas and alpacas (wwwtest.uwpress.wisc.edu)
17. ^{^} state-sponsored celebrations (doi.org)
18. ^{^} sacrificed and buried (www.cambridge.org)
19. ^{^} Expertise in your inbox. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter and get expert takes on today’s news, every day. (theconversation.com)
20. ^{^} unearthed mummified alpacas and llamas (www.discovermagazine.com)
21. ^{^} beasts of burden or sources of meat (www.pbs.org)
22. ^{^} Tydence Davis/Flicker (www.flickr.com)
23. ^{^} CC BY (creativecommons.org)
24. ^{^} indigenous people (www.worldbank.org)
25. ^{^} Qhapaq Qolla dance (www.myperu.org)
26. ^{^} holistic worldview (www.dukeupress.edu)
27. ^{^} wamani (doi.org)
28. ^{^} first arrived (www.reaktionbooks.co.uk)
29. ^{^} gave one to then-Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan (www.nytimes.com)
30. ^{^} llama packing (wildernessridgetrailllamas.com)
31. ^{^} extended in 2010 and remain in force (www.washingtonpost.com)
32. ^{^} declined (www.nbcnews.com)
33. ^{^} Arizona and the Pacific Northwest (www.washingtonpost.com)