Who formally declares the winner of the U.S. presidential election?

With the U.S. presidential election^[1] rapidly approaching at a time of extraordinary political and social disruption, the possibility of an unclear or contested result is coming under scrutiny.

Unlike many other countries, where the president or prime minister is chosen by direct popular vote, in the U.S., a candidate may win the popular vote and still not be elected to the nation’s highest office^[2]. The U.S. also differs from most other democracies in that it has no independent electoral commission to certify the final vote count.

So who actually confirms the winner?

Step #1: Before Election Day

American democracy has many elected officials – state, local and national – and many processes for getting into office.

I have been working on election campaigns since I was eight years old, when my dad ran for school board and I went door to door asking people to vote for him. I’ve also worked on local, congressional, senate and presidential races and now direct an academic research center on politics^[3].

What’s striking is that every race is different, from deadlines and filing process to certification. Here, I’ll focus here on the presidential race.

The unusual and complicated presidential election certification process in the U.S. entwines all 50 states and the District of Columbia, the Senate, House of Representatives, the National Archives and the Office of the Federal Register. It also involves the Electoral College^[4] – a uniquely American institution that convenes in 51 separate locations once every four years to pick the president.

This four-month process was custom designed as a compromise by the Founding Fathers, who did not believe the American people should directly choose the president and vice president^[7] but did not want to give Congress the power of selection, either.

The Constitution declares that American presidential elections occur on the first Tuesday in November, every four years. But the federal election process actually begins in October, when the Archivist of the United States^[8] – a presidential appointee responsible for maintaining the government’s most important official documents – sends a letter to the governor of each state.

The document outlines their responsibilities regarding the Electoral College, which is not a place but a process^[9] by which electors – people who are chosen by their party^[10] – vote for their party’s presidential candidate.

The machinery of the Electoral College is complicated^[11], but in short Americans vote for electors and the electors vote for the president. Then, the winner is declared – right?

Read more: How is the American President elected?^[12]

Step #2: After Election Day

Not quite.

Once a final tally of voters’ in-person, mail-in and provisional ballots has been concluded, all 50 governors prepare their state’s Certificate of Ascertainment^[13], a document listing their electors for the competing candidates.

Each state completes that process at its own rate. This year, because of the pandemic, finalizing the electoral vote count will likely take a lot longer. Once completed, copies of the Certificate of Ascertainment are then submitted to the U.S. Archivist.

After the governor submits names to the Archivist, each state’s Electoral College electors meet in the state capital – D.C.‘s meet in D.C. – to formally cast their votes for president and vice president on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December. This year, that’s Dec. 14, 2020^[14].

In ways that vary state by state, each state’s electors then prepares six Certificates of Vote, which are sent by registered mail to the President of the U.S. Senate and the Archivist of the United States. The remaining four certificates are sent to state officials.

That fulfills the Electoral College’s duties until the next presidential election^[15].

Step #3: Congress meets

On Jan. 6, Congress convenes to count the electoral votes^[17] and certify the winner of the election.

Because the sitting vice president also serves as president of the Senate, Mike Pence will preside over this count in 2021, just as Vice President Joe Biden did in January 2017^[18] when Donald Trump officially became president-elect. Each state, called upon in alphabetical order, files its votes^[19].

This process is in some respects ceremonial, because by January the media has declared a winner and usually a concession speech has been given. But, officially, it is the moment of truth.

At the end of the Senate’s electoral vote count, the vice president announces the results and asks if there are any objections^[20]. In 2001 Democratic House representatives tried for 20 minutes to block^[21] Florida’s highly contested electoral votes for George W. Bush.

That effort failed, because objections must be signed by both a member of the House and the Senate before being voted on by both chambers^[22] of Congress. It fell to Vice President Al Gore, as president of the Senate, to declare Bush – his Republican opponent – the winner of the 2000 election.

After the Senate certifies the election results, all the Certificates of Ascertainment and Certificates of Vote then become available for public review at the Office of the Federal Registrar for one year, then transferred to the National Archives for the permanent record^[23]. Those who question the outcome of a U.S. election, in other words, can actually double-check the tabulations themselves.

[Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter^[24].]

In the extraordinary event that no candidate wins in the Electoral College, the House of Representatives meets to elect the next president^[25]. This is how John Quincy Adams^[26] became president in 1824.

Established almost 250 years ago, this complex process is a foundation of American democracy^[27]. Many have questioned whether this antiquated system truly represents the will of the people^[28] in modern America.

But for 2020, it remains the process that will decide the presidential race.

References

1. ^{^} U.S. presidential election (ballotpedia.org)
2. ^{^} nation’s highest office (apnews.com)
3. ^{^} an academic research center on politics (www.american.edu)
4. ^{^} Electoral College (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} UpstateNYer via Wikimedia Commons (upload.wikimedia.org)
6. ^{^} CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
7. ^{^} should directly choose the president and vice president (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} Archivist of the United States (www.archives.gov)
9. ^{^} not a place but a process (www.usa.gov)
10. ^{^} are chosen by their party (www.ncsl.org)
11. ^{^} machinery of the Electoral College is complicated (www.usa.gov)
12. ^{^} How is the American President elected? (theconversation.com)
13. ^{^} Certificate of Ascertainment (www.archives.gov)
14. ^{^} Dec. 14, 2020 (www.archives.gov)
15. ^{^} until the next presidential election (www.archives.gov)
16. ^{^} Joe Amon/The Denver Post via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
17. ^{^} convenes to count the electoral votes (history.house.gov)
18. ^{^} Vice President Joe Biden did in January 2017 (www.reuters.com)
19. ^{^} called upon in alphabetical order, files its votes (history.house.gov)
20. ^{^} asks if there are any objections (www.archives.gov)
21. ^{^} tried for 20 minutes to block (www.nytimes.com)
22. ^{^} voted on by both chambers (history.house.gov)
23. ^{^} transferred to the National Archives for the permanent record (www.archives.gov)
24. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)
25. ^{^} House of Representatives meets to elect the next president (history.house.gov)
26. ^{^} John Quincy Adams (www.history.com)
27. ^{^} complex process is a foundation of American democracy (uselectionatlas.org)
28. ^{^} antiquated system truly represents the will of the people (theconversation.com)