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  • Written by Abram L. Wagner, Research Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, University of Michigan

Russia’s announcement that a fast-tracked COVID-19 vaccine[1] is registered there, with plans for quick distribution in the general population this fall, is being condemned by scientists worldwide[2].

Findings from scientific studies of this vaccine, named “Sputnik V,” are not available. Large safety and efficacy trials are only now getting underway[3]. But despite only two months of preliminary testing in people, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the vaccine “quite effective[4]” and it’s received regulatory approval[5].

In other places, notably the United States, China and the European Union[6], even as researchers rush to develop vaccines[7], they continue to publish studies of these vaccines at a more measured pace than is happening in Russia.

As an epidemiologist who studies vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-preventable disease[8], I’m concerned about this news from Russia. After essential workers and high-risk groups are vaccinated, I would want to be among the first in line for an approved COVID-19 vaccine, but the medical research system must make sure any vaccine is safe and effective before distributing it to the population at large.

Clinical trials have a valuable role

Before any drug, vaccine or medical device is licensed for use in the general population, it needs to go through several rounds of large-scale testing[9]. These studies are designed to make sure the intervention is safe and effective, and to understand what the appropriate dosage will be.

Under normal conditions, the research required to bring a vaccine to market can take decades[10]. For example, before the HPV vaccine was licensed in the U.S. in 2006[11], a phase III clinical trial enrolled 18,644 participants in 2004-2005[12], a phase II clinical trial had enrolled 1,113 participants in 2000[13], and the laboratory studies that led to a vaccine candidate had been published in the early 1990s[14].

In the face of the coronavirus pandemic, scientists around the globe are focusing their efforts on developing a COVID-19 vaccine. They’re working at an[15] unprecedented pace to move through the necessary clinical trials[16] to end up with a safe and effective vaccine. One of the most time-consuming parts of clinical trials is enrolling participants, and pharmaceutical companies have sped up this process[17] by lining up volunteers early, obtaining important baseline data from them even before a vaccine candidate is available.

Here’s how drugs are tested and approved in the U.S.

Problems if the vaccine is released too early

Carefully conducted clinical trials are necessary to identify any problems with the vaccine. For example, studies of a new type of measles vaccine in the early 1990s found that it was detrimental to baby girls[18], and so it was never licensed to the general population. The existing measles or measles-mumps-rubella vaccine available in the U.S. and other countries is highly safe and effective[19].

It could also be that the vaccine is not effective in some categories of people. Phase I and II clinical trials have small sample sizes and may not include individuals from high-risk groups. For example, a recently published phase II clinical trial of a COVID-19 vaccine excluded obese people, those with chronic diseases and pregnant women[20]. However, these are all groups that should be able to get the vaccine in the future. More studies, including phase III trials, are necessary to discover if the vaccine works in the general population. Preliminary results should be available by the end of 2020[21].

The concern is that by introducing the vaccine early, without adequate testing of safety, effectiveness and dosing, the population may be presented with a vaccine which is not safe or not effective, and with little information on which vaccine schedule is best.

Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Dr. Stephen Hahn has said the FDA will not “cut corners”[22] in approving a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. despite an accelerated program, dubbed Operation Warp Speed[23].

archival photo of packing vials of polio vaccine into boxes In 1956, boxes of polio vaccine were rushed for delivery, but only after clinical trials concluded and it was approved by the FDA. Bettmann via Getty Images[24]

Rushing to market

But is there ever an ethical reason to release a vaccine early, even without going through all phases of clinical trials?

Although it would be wonderful to get a vaccine into the population quickly, there could be substantial downsides if researchers and manufacturers cut corners. Imagine a vaccine that often had serious side effects that weren’t caught in small trials before it was widely administered.

[Research into coronavirus and other news from science Subscribe to The Conversation’s new science newsletter[25].]

An untested vaccine wouldn’t just harm the people vaccinated. If negative perceptions about the safety or efficacy of a COVID-19 vaccine spread throughout the population, it could limit how many people are willing to get the shot and perpetuate disease transmission.

Trust in vaccination programs is crucial. Russia, in fact, provides an important historical example. In the 1990s, trust in the country’s public health system rapidly decreased, and rates of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination fell as a result. A large outbreak of diphtheria then spread through eastern Europe[26], leaving over 4,000 people dead.

Hasty rollout of a COVID-19 vaccine could prime people not only to not trust the COVID-19 vaccine, but also to doubt vaccination and public health systems as a whole.

Vaccinations should be developed by impartial scientists and evaluated by nonpartisan government officials. By cutting red tape, procedures can be prioritized and sped up, but they must not be skipped.

References

  1. ^ fast-tracked COVID-19 vaccine (www.politico.com)
  2. ^ condemned by scientists worldwide (www.nature.com)
  3. ^ are only now getting underway (sputnikvaccine.com)
  4. ^ quite effective (www.bbc.com)
  5. ^ received regulatory approval (www.bloomberg.com)
  6. ^ United States, China and the European Union (www.weforum.org)
  7. ^ researchers rush to develop vaccines (www.nationalgeographic.com)
  8. ^ epidemiologist who studies vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-preventable disease (scholar.google.com)
  9. ^ several rounds of large-scale testing (www.historyofvaccines.org)
  10. ^ can take decades (doi.org)
  11. ^ licensed in the U.S. in 2006 (www.cdc.gov)
  12. ^ enrolled 18,644 participants in 2004-2005 (doi.org)
  13. ^ enrolled 1,113 participants in 2000 (doi.org)
  14. ^ published in the early 1990s (doi.org)
  15. ^ They’re working at an (www.knowablemagazine.org)
  16. ^ unprecedented pace to move through the necessary clinical trials (theconversation.com)
  17. ^ sped up this process (doi.org)
  18. ^ detrimental to baby girls (apps.who.int)
  19. ^ highly safe and effective (www.cdc.gov)
  20. ^ excluded obese people, those with chronic diseases and pregnant women (doi.org)
  21. ^ available by the end of 2020 (www.reuters.com)
  22. ^ will not “cut corners” (www.mercurynews.com)
  23. ^ dubbed Operation Warp Speed (abcnews.go.com)
  24. ^ Bettmann via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  25. ^ Subscribe to The Conversation’s new science newsletter (theconversation.com)
  26. ^ diphtheria then spread through eastern Europe (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Authors: Abram L. Wagner, Research Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, University of Michigan

Read more https://theconversation.com/a-covid-19-vaccine-needs-the-publics-trust-and-its-risky-to-cut-corners-on-clinical-trials-as-russia-is-144332

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

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