Clear, consistent health messaging critical to stemming epidemics and limiting coronavirus deaths
- Written by Thespina (Nina) Yamanis, Professor of Global Health, American University
While the deadly coronavirus spreads rapidly in the United States, United Kingdom, France and beyond[1], several countries in Asia and Europe have flattened the curve[2] or slowed outbreaks, including Ireland, Singapore and Hong Kong.
Testing and isolation practices in these places vary. But one strategy they share is using early and consistent public messaging to convince people to act in ways that prevent COVID-19 transmission.
I’m a public health expert[3] who specializes in health behavior related to infectious diseases. Studies show that when officials are transparent and accountable to the public[4] – explaining who is vulnerable in an outbreak, what is known and unknown about the disease and the steps necessary to control its spread – it enhances public trust[5].
Trust, in turn, aids compliance.
But when health messaging is vague, inconsistent or unrealistic, it engenders the kind of confusion, misinformation[6] and non-cooperation now seen in some of the world’s hardest-hit countries.
At press briefings on the coronavirus, the U.S. president frequently contradicts his aides, March 17, 2020.
Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post via Getty Images[7]
Ireland slows the spread
In Ireland, the prime minister appointed a communications expert[8] to coordinate public messaging. Days after coronavirus first appeared on Feb. 29[9], every household had received a booklet by mail with simple information on symptoms and instructions for how to self-isolate[10].
Every night at 7 p.m., the Irish Health Minister Simon Harris[11] briefs the public on cases and deaths, the stock of test kits and hospital bed availability. Harris has framed social distancing as a patriotic duty, and makes himself available on Facebook to answer questions[12].
For his part, Ireland’s Prime Minister Leo Varadkar[13], a physician who has returned to medical practice once a week[14] to treat COVID-19 patients, reminds people that sharing unverified health information[15] undermines public health efforts[16].
Ireland’s postal workers are now checking in on the elderly while on their rounds, and delivering two postcards to every household that can then be mailed for free to loved ones[17].
As of April 8, there were 6,704 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Ireland[18]. Infections in the country of 4.7 million were once projected to reach 15,000 cases by the end of March[19]. Now Ireland won’t likely reach that peak until late April[20].
Singapore eased anxiety
Singapore, where COVID-19 is spreading much slower than in the rest of the world, has been touted as a global model for coronavirus control[21] for its excellent tracing of those potentially exposed and quick isolation of ill patients in hospitals.
A disciplined and strategic communications effort is another reason for Singapore’s success. Both politicians and health officials in Singapore have been openly communicating with the public[22] throughout the entire coronavirus crisis, sending WhatsApp messages straight to residents’ phones[23] and offering two-way chats[24] with employers to answer policy concerns.
When anxiety about food shortages[25] arose in early February, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong dispelled fears by reassuring people that they would have local access to household essentials and encouraging them not to hoard[26].
Together, these actions reduced fears[27], enhancing the public trust and compliance with strict social distancing. In early April, Singapore – home to 5.7 million people – had around 500 active COVID-19 cases and six deaths[28], though there are some signs of an uptick[29].
Singapore only closed nonessential businesses in early April after aggressive messaging and testing to contain coronavirus, April 8, 2020.
Suhaimi Abdullah/Getty Images[30]
Hong Kong succeeded, then slipped
People in Hong Kong have experience with pandemics: In 2003, an outbreak of SARS[31] – a respiratory illness not unlike COVID-19 that brings fever, muscle aches and diarrhea – killed 286 people and shut the city down for 12 weeks[32].
Many Hong Kong residents mistrust their government, but they support their public health workers[33], recent polling shows[34]. So when coronavirus broke out in neighboring China in December and health officials raised the alarm, Hong Kong residents voluntarily adhered to social distancing[35], donned masks and stayed home from work[36].
Even the protesters[37] – who demonstrated for months in 2019 against a pro-China government they view as anti-democratic[38] – voluntarily left the streets.
Even without the kind of mass testing[39] seen in success stories like South Korea[40], Hong Kong’s preventative measures had a significant effect. Two months after beginning social distancing in January, the coronavirus case curve[41] on the island had flattened.
But on March 2, Hong Kong’s civil servants returned to their offices[42] and travelers returned to Hong Kong. It was too early: Coronavirus cases soon resurged[43], with 759 new cases reported between March 13 and April 4[44].
The shelter-in-place order is now back in effect, and public spaces that had just reopened have shuttered.
Hong Kong is both a warning about easing up on social distancing too soon and a lesson in how government officials can adapt their recommendations as new containment challenges arise[45].
Lessons learned from Ebola
When I was conducting research[46] on the Ebola outbreak of 2014 and 2015 in West Africa, I observed firsthand the dangers when officials bungle early communications about an epidemic.
Sierra Leone officials did communicate with the public[47] about Ebola. But their messaging largely repeated that Ebola was real, explained how to avoid transmission, and reassured residents that with proper treatment they could survive it. That wasn’t enough.
Few government messages addressed popular health misunderstandings and fears, like the need for people who’d previously tested negative for the disease to re-test if symptoms developed[48]. Nor did they explain why chlorine spraying at homes of suspected Ebola cases was necessary. The government was likewise slow to address how families could safely care for sick members without abandoning them[49].
As a result, Sierra Leoneans delayed taking up preventive behaviors[50]. They were also reluctant to report Ebola cases, fearing – based on previous observations – that their loved ones would be taken away to die. So people with symptoms lingered in communities, spreading Ebola[51].
Sierra Leone’s Ebola outbreak lasted 22 months and killed 3,956 people[52], making it one of Africa’s hardest-hit countries[53].
Trust in government
Public messaging alone cannot solve a pandemic. Testing, hospital and lab capacity and scientific research are also essential.
But none of these steps will work without a good communications plan.
In Sierra Leone, faith in public institutions[54] was already low when people began to see Ebola kill many around them, including those taken to the country’s ill-equipped hospitals[55]. This distrust persisted even after Sierra Leone’s treatment capacity improved with international assistance. It quite likely led to more deaths from Ebola.
Ireland, Hong Kong and Singapore demonstrate how officials who communicate openly, accessibly and transparently about an outbreak can quell anxieties, motivate citizen cooperation – and, eventually, beat coronavirus.
But when the government stumbles in its health messaging[56], the death toll mounts.
[You need to understand the coronavirus pandemic, and we can help. Read The Conversation’s newsletter[57].]
References
- ^ spreads rapidly in the United States, United Kingdom, France and beyond (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ flattened the curve (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ public health expert (scholar.google.com)
- ^ transparent and accountable to the public (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ public trust (doi.org)
- ^ misinformation (theconversation.com)
- ^ Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ prime minister appointed a communications expert (www.independent.ie)
- ^ first appeared on Feb. 29 (www.bbc.com)
- ^ self-isolate (twitter.com)
- ^ Simon Harris (www.finegael.ie)
- ^ available on Facebook to answer questions (www.irishtimes.com)
- ^ Prime Minister Leo Varadkar (www.finegael.ie)
- ^ returned to medical practice once a week (www.npr.org)
- ^ unverified health information (www.cnn.com)
- ^ public health efforts (www.thelancet.com)
- ^ mailed for free to loved ones (twitter.com)
- ^ 6,704 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Ireland (geohive.maps.arcgis.com)
- ^ reach 15,000 cases by the end of March (www.irishtimes.com)
- ^ reach that peak until late April (www.bbc.com)
- ^ global model for coronavirus control (theconversation.com)
- ^ openly communicating with the public (www.statnews.com)
- ^ straight to residents’ phones (www.statnews.com)
- ^ offering two-way chats (govinsider.asia)
- ^ anxiety about food shortages (time.com)
- ^ encouraging them not to hoard (www.channelnewsasia.com)
- ^ actions reduced fears (www.statnews.com)
- ^ around 500 active COVID-19 cases and six deaths (www.gov.sg)
- ^ some signs of an uptick (www.moh.gov.sg)
- ^ Suhaimi Abdullah/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ outbreak of SARS (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ 12 weeks (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ support their public health workers (time.com)
- ^ recent polling shows (twitter.com)
- ^ social distancing (www.scmp.com)
- ^ stayed home from work (time.com)
- ^ the protesters (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ pro-China government they view as anti-democratic (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ kind of mass testing (chp-dashboard.geodata.gov.hk)
- ^ success stories like South Korea (www.wsj.com)
- ^ coronavirus case curve (www.scmp.com)
- ^ returned to their offices (www.cnn.com)
- ^ Coronavirus cases soon resurged (www.statnews.com)
- ^ March 13 and April 4 (chp-dashboard.geodata.gov.hk)
- ^ new containment challenges arise (doi.org)
- ^ research (doi.org)
- ^ communicate with the public (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ re-test if symptoms developed (doi.org)
- ^ families could safely care for sick members without abandoning them (journals.plos.org)
- ^ taking up preventive behaviors (doi.org)
- ^ spreading Ebola (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ 3,956 people (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ Africa’s hardest-hit countries (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ in public institutions (afrobarometer.org)
- ^ ill-equipped hospitals (www.who.int)
- ^ the government stumbles in its health messaging (doi.org)
- ^ Read The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Thespina (Nina) Yamanis, Professor of Global Health, American University
