Unemployment pushes more men to take on female-dominated jobs

In the last few decades, many high-paying jobs that are mostly done by men – like manufacturing – have contracted or disappeared^[1]. At the same time, many jobs in fields dominated by women – like education and health care – have significantly increased.

In fact, female-dominated jobs have some of the highest projected job^[2] and wage growth^[3] in the economy.

We are^[4] sociologists^[5] interested in the following question: If jobs in female-dominated sectors represent the future, what will it take for men to take them?

Who’s working where?

Women have made significant progress^[6] entering male-dominated jobs – like finance^[7], law^[8] and medicine^[9] – over the past several decades.

However, men have made far less progress entering female-dominated jobs like those of teachers, nurses or human resource representatives, among others.

Men have largely avoided female-dominated work for two key reasons. First, men may face social stigma^[10] by entering jobs that challenge masculine ideals that they distance themselves from feminine activities.

Second, female-dominated jobs tend to pay less^[11] than male-dominated ones, even when skill levels and education requirements are equivalent.

However, not all female-dominated jobs pay poorly. Jobs like nursing can offer high wages, good benefits and job stability. Yet even in this field, men remain a small minority^[12] at about 13%.

Prior research shows that few men aspire^[13] to work in female-dominated jobs, but we wondered what men who lose their jobs and become unemployed will do? Would they consider female-dominated work then?

It’s more than just an academic question because many men – particularly working-class men – may face unemployment^[14] at some point in their careers.

Our recent study^[15] shows that men who are unemployed are much more likely to switch to a female-dominated job. And when they do, some men experience job advantages.

Wage and prestige bumps

Men who enter female-dominated jobs^[16] experience, on average, a 4% wage increase and significant boosts to the prestige of their job relative to their previous job before unemployment.

In contrast, men who entered male-dominated jobs or jobs that had an equal balance of men and women either maintained or lost ground in wages and occupational prestige. Examples of mixed-gender jobs include claims adjusters, property managers and retail salespersons.

Our study suggests that female-dominated jobs may help mitigate common scarring effects^[17] of lost wages or prestige in a man’s subsequent job after being unemployed.

If female-dominated jobs tend to pay less than comparable male-dominated jobs, what explains these job advantages? We suspect that some men may be willing to take a female-dominated job only if it offers higher wages or more occupational prestige. Thus, they may specifically target upgraded jobs in these cases.

Employers may also more highly value^[18] men’s previous occupational backgrounds in male-dominated or mixed-gender fields, allowing them access to higher level jobs than in other sectors.

Notably, there may be future benefits of entering female-dominated jobs, like stepping onto a “glass escalator.” Research^[19] on men in nontraditional fields have found that straight, white men are often fast-tracked to management positions, akin to riding an invisible – but very real – escalator up to the top.

These processes, of course, starkly contrast the glass ceiling^[20] that many women face in which they experience barriers in rising to leadership and contribute to gender inequality within female-dominated domains.

However, these advantages accrue in female-dominated jobs only if men stay in them, and compelling research^[21] by sociologist Margarita Torre casts doubts that men will stay in these jobs for a long time.

Torre’s work shows that many men use female-dominated jobs as a stopgap position before moving back into a male-dominated or mixed-gender job.

Men in female-dominated jobs

Having men doing “women’s work” may not just affect their careers. It could impact society as well.

Jobs associated with women are economically devalued^[22] in the American economy, particularly when they involve care work^[23], such as teaching, child care and health care.

Although we contend that female-dominated jobs merit better wages^[24] regardless of men’s entrance, men’s participation in these jobs may enhance the job’s status and economic value. Indeed, research has shown that wages tend to increase^[25] after men enter jobs dominated by women, potentially because employers may more highly value the work that men do or more readily accept men’s negotiations for higher wages.

Men’s entrance into female-dominated jobs could also help reduce potential labor market shortages, like those expected in health care^[26]. Depending on the job, such position may provide men with greater job stability and employment opportunities^[27], given the high projected job growth^[28] of many female-dominated jobs.

Moreover, men’s entrance into female-dominated jobs may push along what we, and many other scholars, see as a needed shift in how the culture values^[29] work traditionally done by women. If female-dominated jobs were as highly valued as comparable male-dominated jobs, the incomes of women in these positions – and thus women’s broader economic status – would increase^[30].

Our research shows that economic conditions are strongly associated with men’s entrance into female-dominated work. The challenge is getting past the point that men in the workforce need an economic shock like unemployment to consider female-dominated jobs.

Raising wages in female-dominated jobs and removing stigmas associated with men doing them would go a long way in advancing men’s integration into these jobs and reducing gender inequality in the workforce.

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References

1. ^{^} contracted or disappeared (www.careerladdersproject.org)
2. ^{^} highest projected job (www.bls.gov)
3. ^{^} wage growth (www.bls.gov)
4. ^{^} We are (scholar.google.com)
5. ^{^} sociologists (scholar.google.com)
6. ^{^} made significant progress (doi.org)
7. ^{^} finance (www.catalyst.org)
8. ^{^} law (www.catalyst.org)
9. ^{^} medicine (www.aamcdiversityfactsandfigures2016.org)
10. ^{^} may face social stigma (doi.org)
11. ^{^} pay less (doi.org)
12. ^{^} small minority (equitablegrowth.org)
13. ^{^} few men aspire (doi.org)
14. ^{^} may face unemployment (www.foreignaffairs.com)
15. ^{^} recent study (www.sciencedirect.com)
16. ^{^} female-dominated jobs (www.sciencedirect.com)
17. ^{^} scarring effects (doi.org)
18. ^{^} highly value (doi.org)
19. ^{^} Research (journals.sagepub.com)
20. ^{^} glass ceiling (www.mckinsey.com)
21. ^{^} research (doi.org)
22. ^{^} devalued (doi.org)
23. ^{^} when they involve care work (workinprogress.oowsection.org)
24. ^{^} better wages (doi.org)
25. ^{^} wages tend to increase (www.jstor.org)
26. ^{^} like those expected in health care (money.cnn.com)
27. ^{^} opportunities (doi.org)
28. ^{^} job growth (www.bls.gov)
29. ^{^} how the culture values (doi.org)
30. ^{^} increase (doi.org)
31. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter (theconversation.com)