Colleges must confront sexual assault and sexual harassment head on

In the past month the National Science Foundation^[1] and a bipartisan group of U.S. senators^[2] both introduced measures that would require higher education leaders to review and report cases of sexual assault and harassment on their campuses.

While these initiatives represent a good first step, they do not go far enough to eliminate the problem. That goal falls to college and university leaders who have the will to rid their campuses of the long-standing problem^[3] of sexual harassment and sexual assault.

As experienced^[4] university administrators^[5], faculty and practitioners of sexual^[6] assault prevention, we believe now is the perfect opportunity for universities and colleges to lead the way. The roadmap to success lies in the tenets of the mission of colleges and universities: research the problems, use the findings to educate others and engage communities to make change.

Staggering statistics

Statistics on sexual assault and harassment on campus show the need for change. For instance, 1 in 5 women and 1 in 16 men are sexually assaulted while in college^[7]. For graduate students, 38 percent of females and nearly 1 in 4 males reported sexual harassment from faculty or staff^[8]. Roughly half of all such instances included multiple victims of the same faculty member^[9].

About 40 percent of female faculty members and 30 percent of female non-faculty staff members^[10] experience sexual harassment.

Colleges and universities have tried to confront the problem, but there is so much more to do^[11]. These gaps lead to costly consequences. Sexual harassment and assault drive talented faculty^[12], staff^[13] and students^[14] away from colleges and universities.

Promising solutions

Based on our collective experience dealing with the issue of sexual assault and harassment in academe, we believe the following things can help turn things around:

• Openly define the challenges

Those who run college campuses must be willing to share their own uncomfortable truths concerning sexual assault and harassment. But colleges and universities have been reluctant^[15] to do so because of the highly competitive environment in which they seek to recruit top faculty, students and athletes.

If all campuses shared more information about their experiences with sexual harassment and sexual assault in a public forum, such as on the U.S. Department of Education’s Campus Safety and Security website^[16], the true scope of the challenges would be better defined on each campus, and the stigma of acknowledging them would be removed.

• Redeploy effective approaches

Rather than start from scratch, colleges and universities can adopt effective^[17] strategies and avoid those that have been found ineffective^[18] on other campuses – something that isn’t always done in higher education.

For instance, since fraternities are associated with higher rates of rape and coercive behavior, and sexual assaults happen more frequently during the first two months of the fall semester, it would help to delay fraternity recruitment by even one semester. Doing so has been found to increase academic performance, promote acclimation to the campus environment and potentially promote safety.^{[19][20][21][22]}

Another strategy would be to purposefully plan late-night programming for students on key “party” nights each week in order to reduce alcohol-related incidents. Alcohol has been shown to be a significant contributor to sexual assaults on campuses. The idea is for college leaders to take greater responsibility for the campus enivronment.^{[23][24][25][26]}

To bring about greater reporting of sexual assault, colleges could rely on “whisper networks”^[27] to bypass the barriers to reporting. With time-stamped accounts saved, submitted or held until another victim identifies the same offender, such networks may help identify serial rapists^[28]. Currently, only 20 percent of students and 32 percent of women who aren’t students report sexual violence on campus^[29], and even bystanders fear speaking out^[30].

To proactively stop sexual harassment and assault, colleges can change their training for faculty, staff and students to longer^[31], interactive^[32] and in-person sessions, which have been proven to increase their effectiveness.

• Collaborate to find innovative solutions

In addition to addressing known contributors to sexual harassment and assault, college and university leaders must find ways to innovate.

People at all levels of an organization have ideas on how to address the issues they face, but they aren’t always asked to share what they know. In order to tackle tough problems such as sexual assault and sexual harassment on campus, faculty, staff and students can be empowered^[33] to identify ideas to shift the culture that allows harassment and assault to exist, and the top ideas can be selected by a campus-wide vote.

Culture change requires not only new approaches but also the resources to implement them. Colleges can demonstrate their commitment by ensuring that the number of survivor advocates and Title IX investigators is adequate for the size of the student population. Statistics suggest that a ratio of 1 each per 7,500 students would give each a caseload of 450 victims, which is consistent with standards for academic advising^[34]. They should also fund off-campus, trauma-informed training for these professionals to ensure impartiality^[35], and reward units that improve their workplace climate with increased university resources.

A matter of will

Effective change requires the resolve to weather hazards that are sure to come: negative press, withdrawn donor support and a focus on placing blame. Lasting change in workplace climate^[36] is also a notoriously difficult thing to achieve. Nevertheless, the safety and well-being of students, faculty and staff is too important not to keep trying.

Krista Millay and Martha Gilliland co-authored this piece. Millay is community impact director at the Women’s Foundation of Southern Arizona and the former director of the Women’s Resource Center at the University of Arizona, where she oversaw sexual assault prevention. Gilliland is the former chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City and has held several other administrative posts.

References

1. ^{^} National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov)
2. ^{^} bipartisan group of U.S. senators (www.chronicle.com)
3. ^{^} long-standing problem (qz.com)
4. ^{^} experienced (scholar.google.com)
5. ^{^} university administrators (scholar.google.com)
6. ^{^} practitioners of sexual (scholar.google.com)
7. ^{^} sexually assaulted while in college (www.nsvrc.org)
8. ^{^} sexual harassment from faculty or staff (journals.sagepub.com)
9. ^{^} same faculty member (papers.ssrn.com)
10. ^{^} 40 percent of female faculty members and 30 percent of female non-faculty staff members (www.jstor.org)
11. ^{^} so much more to do (www.usnews.com)
12. ^{^} faculty (www.tandfonline.com)
13. ^{^} staff (link.springer.com)
14. ^{^} students (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} reluctant (www.huffingtonpost.com)
16. ^{^} the U.S. Department of Education’s Campus Safety and Security website (ope.ed.gov)
17. ^{^} effective (www.usnews.com)
18. ^{^} ineffective (www.usnews.com)
19. ^{^} fraternities (www.cnn.com)
20. ^{^} the first two months of the fall semester (www.bjs.gov)
21. ^{^} increase academic performance, promote acclimation to the campus environment (www.eab.com)
22. ^{^} potentially promote safety. (www.wm.edu)
23. ^{^} late-night programming (campusactivities.usc.edu)
24. ^{^} reduce alcohol-related incidents (www.insidehighered.com)
25. ^{^} significant contributor (pubs.niaaa.nih.gov)
26. ^{^} greater responsibility for the campus enivronment. (www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
27. ^{^} “whisper networks” (www.theatlantic.com)
28. ^{^} serial rapists (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
29. ^{^} report sexual violence on campus (www.rainn.org)
30. ^{^} even bystanders fear speaking out (www.chronicle.com)
31. ^{^} longer (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
32. ^{^} interactive (www.tandfonline.com)
33. ^{^} empowered (philpapers.org)
34. ^{^} standards for academic advising (www.nacada.ksu.edu)
35. ^{^} ensure impartiality (www.theatlantic.com)
36. ^{^} Lasting change in workplace climate (www.nytimes.com)