Peace advocates have long been found among veterans who fought in America's wars
- Written by Michael Messner, Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies, University of Southern California – Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
If President Donald Trump had gotten his way, the nation would have celebrated the centennial of the World War I armistice last year on Nov. 11 with a massive military parade in Washington, D.C.[1]
But that didn’t happen. When the Pentagon announced the president’s decision to cancel the parade, they blamed local politicians for driving up the cost of the proposed event[2].
There may have been other reasons.
Veterans were especially outspoken in their opposition. Retired generals and admirals feared such a demonstration would embarrass the U.S., placing the nation in the company of small-time authoritarian regimes[3] that regularly parade their tanks and missiles as demonstrations of their military might. And some veterans’ organizations opposed the parade because they saw it as a celebration of militarism and war.
The advocacy group Veterans for Peace joined a coalition of 187 organizations that sought to “Stop the Military Parade; Reclaim Armistice Day[4].”
Veterans of past wars, as I document in my book “Guys Like Me: Five Wars, Five Veterans for Peace,”[5] have long been at the forefront of peace advocacy in the United States.
Trump was inspired to have a U.S. military parade after watching this French one in 2017.
AP/Carolyn Kaster[6]
Politicians’ betrayal?
There is a deep history to veterans’ peace advocacy.
As a young boy, I got my first hint of veterans’ aversion to war from my grandfather, a World War I Army veteran. Just the mention of Veterans Day could trigger a burst of anger that “the damned politicians” had betrayed veterans of “The Great War.”
In 1954 Armistice Day was renamed as Veterans Day. In previous years, citizens in the U.S. and around the world celebrated the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918[7] not simply as the moment that war ended, but also as the dawning of a lasting peace.
“They told us it was ‘The War to End All Wars,’” my grandfather said to me. “And we believed that.”
The New York Tribune on Nov. 11, 1918.
Library of Congress[8]
Veterans for peace
What my grandfather spoke about so forcefully was not an idle dream. In fact, a mass movement for peace had pressed the U.S. government, in 1928, to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact[9], an international “Treaty for the Renunciation of War,”[10] sponsored by the United States and France and subsequently signed by most of the nations of the world[11].
A State Department historian described the agreement[12] this way: “In the final version of the pact, they agreed upon two clauses: the first outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and the second called upon signatories to settle their disputes by peaceful means.”
The pact did not end war, of course. Within a decade, another global war would erupt. But at the time, the pact articulated the sentiments of ordinary citizens, including World War I veterans and organizations like the Veterans of Foreign Wars[13], who during the late 1930s opposed U.S. entry into the deepening European conflicts[14].
In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law[15] changing the name of the holiday to Veterans Day, to include veterans of World War II and Korea.
Eisenhower on June 1, 1954, signing the legislation that changed Armistice Day to Veterans Day.
Wikipedia[16]
‘Guys like me’
For my grandfather, the name change symbolically punctuated the repudiation of the dream of lasting peace. Hope evaporated, replaced with the ugly reality that politicians would continue to find reasons to send American boys – “guys like me,” as he put it – to fight and die in wars.
World War I, like subsequent wars, incubated a generation of veterans committed to preventing such future horrors for their sons.
From working-class Army combat veterans like my grandfather to retired generals like Smedley Butler[17] – who wrote and delivered public speeches arguing that “war is a racket,” benefiting only the economic interests of ruling-class industrialists[18] – World War I veterans spoke out to prevent future wars. And veterans of subsequent wars continue speaking out today.
There have been six U.S. presidents since my grandfather’s death in early 1981 – Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump – and each committed U.S. military forces to overt or covert wars[19] around the world.
Most of these wars, large or small, have been met with opposition from veterans’ peace groups. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Vietnam Veterans Against the War was a powerful force in the popular opposition to the American war in Vietnam[20]. And Veterans for Peace[21], along with About Face: Veterans Against the War[22], remain outspoken against America’s militarism and participation in wars in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Were he alive today, I believe my grandfather would surely express indignation that American leaders continue to send the young to fight and die in wars throughout the world.
Still, I like to imagine my grandfather smiling had he lived to witness some of the activities that will take place this November 11: Once again, Veterans for Peace will join other peace organizations in Washington, D.C. and in cities around the U.S. and the world, marching behind banners that read “Observe Armistice Day, Wage Peace[23]!”
This is an updated version of an article[24] originally published on Nov. 8, 2018.
[ Like what you’ve read? Want more? Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter[25]. ]
References
- ^ a massive military parade in Washington, D.C. (www.nbcnews.com)
- ^ driving up the cost of the proposed event (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ small-time authoritarian regimes (time.com)
- ^ “Stop the Military Parade; Reclaim Armistice Day (www.veteransforpeace.org)
- ^ “Guys Like Me: Five Wars, Five Veterans for Peace,” (www.rutgersuniversitypress.org)
- ^ AP/Carolyn Kaster (www.apimages.com)
- ^ 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 (www.history.com)
- ^ Library of Congress (chroniclingamerica.loc.gov)
- ^ Kellogg-Briand Pact (history.state.gov)
- ^ “Treaty for the Renunciation of War,” (avalon.law.yale.edu)
- ^ signed by most of the nations of the world (www.simonandschuster.com)
- ^ A State Department historian described the agreement (history.state.gov)
- ^ Veterans of Foreign Wars (www.vfw.org)
- ^ opposed U.S. entry into the deepening European conflicts (etd.fcla.edu)
- ^ In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law (www.va.gov)
- ^ Wikipedia (commons.wikimedia.org)
- ^ Smedley Butler (fas.org)
- ^ interests of ruling-class industrialists (www.amazon.com)
- ^ committed U.S. military forces to overt or covert wars (fas.org)
- ^ powerful force in the popular opposition to the American war in Vietnam (nyupress.org)
- ^ Veterans for Peace (www.veteransforpeace.org)
- ^ About Face: Veterans Against the War (aboutfaceveterans.org)
- ^ “Observe Armistice Day, Wage Peace (www.veteransforpeace.org)
- ^ an article (theconversation.com)
- ^ Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Michael Messner, Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies, University of Southern California – Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
