Raising the minimum wage in restaurants could be a win for everyone
- Written by Nicole Hallett, Associate Professor of Law, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
Critics would have you believe that upping the minimum wage in restaurants will lead to massive layoffs and closures[1]. But since raising the minimum wage[2] to US$15 per hour[3] nearly a year ago, the restaurant industry in New York City has thrived[4].
I’m a professor with a focus on labor and employment[5] law. My research[6] on the minimum wage suggests a few reasons why this might be true.
What hasn’t happened
When worker pay goes up, employers can respond in a number of different ways. They can cut hours, lay off workers, accept smaller profits or raise prices.
With profits so low in the restaurant industry, averaging just 3%-5%[7], employers may not have the option to accept less in profits without going in the red.
In many industries, increased labor costs may prompt businesses to lay off American workers and move operations overseas[8] where labor costs are lower. But this is not a viable solution in the restaurant industry, since most of the work is done on-site.
That leaves restaurant owners with two options. The first is to decrease the number of hours each employee works, which might explain why income gains from a minimum wage[9] are not as large as one would predict.
Still, massive layoffs in the restaurant industry are unlikely because owners need a certain number of staff to operate a full-service[10] kitchen.
The other option is to increase prices[11], which many restaurants in New York City have done[12].
New Yorkers have been fighting for a $15 minimum wage for several years.
a katz/Shutterstock.com[13]
Prices go up
Some in the restaurant industry have argued that raising menu prices will lead to fewer people dining out[14] and, consequentially, more restaurant closures.
But this hasn’t happened.
In fact, both restaurant revenue and employment are up[15]. The reason for this is that restaurants do not have to raise prices very much in order to pay for a minimum wage increase.
In one study[16], for example, a $0.80 minimum wage increase equated to a 3.2% increase of food prices in restaurants in New Jersey. This is the amount that the New Jersey minimum wage increased in 1992.
Even a one-time increase of 10% to 15% is unlikely to dissuade large numbers of customers from dining out. That would amount to an extra $1.20 on a $12 burger.
The focus on single restaurants also ignores the larger economic impact of raising the minimum wage. According to an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, if low-wage workers have more money in their pockets, they will have more money to spend[17], potentially expanding the number of consumers who can afford to eat out.
In fact, some people – including those from the Economic Policy Institute – have posited that a minimum wage increase will actually lead to an increase in employment[18] because of the effects of giving low-wage workers a raise. Other advantages to restaurants may include lower turnover rates and better job performance[19].
Wage hikes help everyone
Perhaps the principal reason that the minimum wage increase did not seem to have a negative effect on the restaurant industry in New York is that the state’s economy is strong overall[20], so businesses have been able to absorb the increases without having to make hard decisions about where to cut.
If the economy were to go into a recession, business would undoubtedly suffer, though the suffering could hardly be attributed solely or mainly to a minimum wage increase. In other words, a good economy means that everyone benefits[21], including low-wage workers.
Apocalyptic predictions of the industry’s demise will likely return as New York officials debate[22] whether to get rid of the tip credit, which allows employers to make up part of their minimum wage obligations in tips. Right now, restaurants actually have to pay workers only $10 per hour[23] if they make at least $5 per hour in tips.
There are many good policy reasons[24] to abolish the tip credit, including ensuring that workers have pay stability and combating the problem of sexual harassment[25] in the service industry. Women working in restaurants with lower minimum wages than other industries in the state were twice as likely to report being sexually harassed[26] by a customer than women who were paid their state’s minimum wage.
Seven states[27], including Alaska, Montana and Washington, have already abolished the tip credit. New York may be next.
As the debate unfolds, just remember to look at the data. A pay increase for low-wage workers doesn’t have to be a zero sum game. In fact, the evidence suggests that everyone can win.
[ Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter[28]. ]
References
- ^ lead to massive layoffs and closures (www.restaurantdive.com)
- ^ raising the minimum wage (www.businessinsider.com)
- ^ to US$15 per hour (www.cbsnews.com)
- ^ has thrived (www.centernyc.org)
- ^ professor with a focus on labor and employment (www.law.buffalo.edu)
- ^ My research (ylpr.yale.edu)
- ^ averaging just 3%-5% (upserve.com)
- ^ move operations overseas (www.forbes.com)
- ^ income gains from a minimum wage (ssrn.com)
- ^ certain number of staff to operate a full-service (therestaurantexpert.com)
- ^ increase prices (abc7ny.com)
- ^ restaurants in New York City have done (ny.eater.com)
- ^ a katz/Shutterstock.com (www.shutterstock.com)
- ^ argued that raising menu prices will lead to fewer people dining out (www.forbes.com)
- ^ revenue and employment are up (www.centernyc.org)
- ^ one study (doi.org)
- ^ they will have more money to spend (www.chicagofed.org)
- ^ a minimum wage increase will actually lead to an increase in employment (secure.epi.org)
- ^ lower turnover rates and better job performance (cepr.net)
- ^ strong overall (comptroller.nyc.gov)
- ^ a good economy means that everyone benefits (bigthink.com)
- ^ New York officials debate (www.governor.ny.gov)
- ^ only $10 per hour (labor.ny.gov)
- ^ policy reasons (rocunited.org)
- ^ pay stability and combating the problem of sexual harassment (www.eater.com)
- ^ twice as likely to report being sexually harassed (rocunited.org)
- ^ Seven states (newfoodeconomy.org)
- ^ Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter (theconversation.com)
Authors: Nicole Hallett, Associate Professor of Law, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
