What states that don't protect LGBTQ workers from discrimination have in common

Are you fully protected from employment discrimination?

For employees who identify as LGBTQ, and work in one of at least 17 states nationwide^[1] that fail to protect workers, the answer at best is uncertain. At worst, it’s “no” under state statute.

One of my areas of research^[2] is employment discrimination. In an article to be published this fall, I examined the characteristics of states which have adopted legislation protecting LGBTQ employees from discrimination.

In many ways, the patchwork pattern of state-level protection from discrimination for LGBTQ employees is similar to states which allowed same-gender marriage before 2015.

Discrimination costs

Because federal law does not specifically protect LGBTQ employees from discrimination^[3], some argue that it is legal to harass and even fire an employee just for “coming out” on the job.

In fact, on Aug. 16, the Trump administration filed a written brief with the Supreme Court arguing that federal law does not protect transgender employees from discrimination^[4]. The Supreme Court will decided by 2020 whether sexual orientation and gender identity are covered under federal employment discrimination law.

Early^[5] studies^[6] indicate that discrimination against LGBTQ employees, up to and including loss of employment, is prevalent in the U.S.

In a 2007 study of literature by the Williams Institute^[7], a think tank at the University of California, Los Angeles, 16% to 68% of those identifying as lesbian, gay and bisexual, and 15% to 57% of those identifying as transgender, reported experiences of employment discrimination.

The associated loss of workplace productivity due to discrimination against LGBTQ employees is estimated at US$229.3 billion annually^[8], due to absenteeism, turnover and costs related to stress^[9].

Location, location, location

Nationwide, 19 states had adopted same-gender marriage legislation, civil unions or other spousal rights before U.S. v. Windsor^[10] in 2013. An important predecessor to marriage equality, U.S. v. Windsor was significant in ruling that states must honor same-gender marriages performed in other states, and for overturning part of the Defense of Marriage Act^[11].

I wanted to know if the characteristics of these states that were early supporters of marriage equality were similar to states that have been early adopters of legislation protecting LGBTQ workers.

In my study, I looked at the 2010 census for the geographic, social and economic characteristics of all 50 states.

I compared these independent variables to each state’s employment protections for LGBTQ workers. In some states, protection from discrimination only applied to public employees.

In other states, the law covers all employees. Some states offer protection from discrimination based only on sexual orientation, but not gender identity.

I used statistical modeling to understand what made a state more likely to adopt laws protecting LGBTQ employees from discrimination.

States in the Northeast region of the U.S. were 92% more likely than states in the Midwest to adopt statutory protections from employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. States in the South were least likely to have adopted such legislation.

Other important characteristics

I also found that the size of the urban population in a state predicted its likelihood to adopt protections for LGBTQ workers from discrimination.

When the urban population of a state increased by 1%, the state was nearly 10% more likely to adopt legislation protecting LGBTQ employees.

Another interesting study result was based on a nationwide index of religiosity, taken from the 2014 Religious Landscape Study^[12] conducted by the Pew Research Center.

Higher rates of religious practice by a state’s residents, like those of Alabama and South Carolina, was the only variable that I studied which decreased the likelihood of a state to adopt legislation that protected LGBTQ employees from discrimination. This finding echoes other^[13] research^[14] of pro-LGBTQ legislation^[15].

I am currently surveying members of the LGBTQ community^[16] to better understand the employment and related experiences of this community nationwide.

A major legal conflict

Charges of discrimination are regulated by federal law. However, workers may also pursue legal action under state law, which is why state protections are important.

In 2012 and 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issued administrative rulings to enforce federal law and accept charges of discrimination by LGBTQ employees under the protected class of “sex.”^[17]

These EEOC rulings are not legally binding on federal courts, which has led to a legal conflict between the 2nd, 11th and 6th Circuit Courts of Appeals. The 2nd Circuit is in the Northeast, the 6th Circuit is in the Midwest, and the 11th Circuit is in the South.

This Circuit Court split is intriguing, given my study’s finding of the role of a state’s geographic location in predicting its likelihood to adopt protections for LGBTQ employees. Currently, most LGBTQ workers in the South and Midwest regions^[18] have little to no state protections from employment discrimination.

The Supreme Court will decide the consolidated^[19] cases^[20] of discrimination, brought by LGBTQ employees under the protected class of “sex” during its upcoming term.

There was substantial evidence in my study that there is less political conflict over this LGBTQ issue compared to marriage equality. I hope to see the Supreme Court defer to the EEOC’s practice on this issue. All employees deserve a safe workplace.

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References

1. ^{^} at least 17 states nationwide (www.lambdalegal.org)
2. ^{^} One of my areas of research (academics.pnw.edu)
3. ^{^} does not specifically protect LGBTQ employees from discrimination (www.eeoc.gov)
4. ^{^} arguing that federal law does not protect transgender employees from discrimination (www.supremecourt.gov)
5. ^{^} Early (williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu)
6. ^{^} studies (williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu)
7. ^{^} Williams Institute (williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu)
8. ^{^} US$229.3 billion annually (homepages.se.edu)
9. ^{^} absenteeism, turnover and costs related to stress (dx.doi.org)
10. ^{^} U.S. v. Windsor (www.supremecourt.gov)
11. ^{^} Defense of Marriage Act (www.govtrack.us)
12. ^{^} 2014 Religious Landscape Study (www.pewresearch.org)
13. ^{^} other (doi.org)
14. ^{^} research (doi.org)
15. ^{^} pro-LGBTQ legislation (doi.org)
16. ^{^} I am currently surveying members of the LGBTQ community (lnkd.in)
17. ^{^} under the protected class of “sex.” (www.eeoc.gov)
18. ^{^} the South and Midwest regions (www.lambdalegal.org)
19. ^{^} the consolidated (www.scotusblog.com)
20. ^{^} cases (www.scotusblog.com)
21. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter (theconversation.com)