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  • Written by Anthony W. Fontes, Assistant Professor of Human Security, American University School of International Service

From the Trump administration’s Muslim travel ban[1] to its family separation policy[2], many Americans object[3] to the White House’s hardline immigration policies[4] as a historical aberration out of sync with U.S. values.

Having explored the evolution of these policies and their consequences[5] as both a practitioner of immigration law and scholar of U.S.-Latin American relations[6], I disagree.

The long, bipartisan history of dealing with immigrants harshly A group of women and children at the Angel Island Immigration Station in the 1920s. AP Photo[7]

Rather than marking a stark departure, I see President Donald Trump’s approach as ramping up and expanding the U.S. government’s longstanding efforts to punish undocumented immigrants.

His record on immigration does appear to be more inhumane[8] and cruel[9] than that of his predecessors. But his legacy will not, I’m afraid, be un-American.

Racism, recession and war

Following a long history of more open and welcoming immigration policies, in the first half of the 20th-century U.S. attitudes toward immigration became increasingly restrictionist. Racism against immigrants of color drove immigration legislation, especially during economic downturns and political turmoil.

Beginning in 1924, the government set national immigration quotas[10]. Due to a belief in eugenics[11], a pseudo-science claiming that Nordic and Anglo-Saxon races are superior to all others, the authorities effectively cut off legal immigration from all but a few Western European nations.

Lawmakers claimed it was for the sake of preserving and improving upon the nation’s ethno-linguistic heritage as recorded in the 1890 census. The count excluded most African Americans[12] and all Chinese Americans[13].

There were no quotas for immigrants from neighboring countries[14], however. And so then, as now, Mexican migrants filled industrial and agricultural labor shortages[15], especially across the Southwest.

But once the Great Depression began and unemployment soared, President Herbert Hoover[16] bowed to popular pressure to preserve “American jobs for real Americans” and approved the large-scale deportation[17] of Mexican workers and their families.

Largely carried out by local law enforcement between 1929 and 1936[18], the deportation dragnets rounded up hundreds of thousands of people of Mexican descent – many of them U.S.-born citizens[19] – and forced them onto trains bound for Mexico.

The long, bipartisan history of dealing with immigrants harshly Mexican migrants like these worked in the US starting in 1942 through the Bracero program. Dorothea Lange[20]

The advent of World War II reignited longstanding anti-Japanese attitudes[21]. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration forced nearly 120,000 people of Japanese descent – most of them U.S. citizens – into remote internment camps[22] between 1942 and 1945. His administration also deported thousands of Japanese Americans[23] who had renounced their citizenship under duress. And the government turned away at least 200,000 Jewish refugees[24] who were fleeing the Nazis despite the quotas for their countries not being filled.

World War II also revived the U.S. economy, suddenly creating labor shortages in jobs left by those who had joined the war effort. Looking south for a fix, lawmakers established the Bracero program[25]. It encouraged and regulated the flow of Mexican migrants primarily employed as farm workers from 1942 until 1965 – when a landmark immigration law abolished national quotas[26].

Many employers preferred to hire undocumented workers to avoid the Bracero program’s bureaucracy and wage restrictions. In 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower initiated “Operation Wetback[27]” to force hundreds of thousands of low-paid farm workers to leave the country.

Like Hoover’s deportation spree, officials made little effort to differentiate between the U.S. citizens and noncitizens who got rounded up and deported. Historians have found that innumerable U.S.-born people[28] were again among the hundreds of thousands[29] supposedly repatriated to Mexico.

Reagan, asylum and amnesty

Since 2014, growing numbers of Central Americans have arrived at the U.S.-Mexico border seeking asylum[30]. The Trump administration has gone out of its way to discourage these migrants by changing eligibility criteria[31], application procedures[32] and detention practices[33].

Large numbers of Central Americans first began to arrive in the U.S. in the 1980s – in many cases fleeing U.S.-backed brutality[34]. Rather than acknowledge its allies’ human rights abuses, the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush labeled these asylum seekers “economic migrants[35].” Less than 3% were granted asylum, a fraction of the approval rate for refugees fleeing communist regimes in Eastern Europe and oppression in Iran and Afghanistan.

Even so, Reagan also demonstrated generosity toward undocumented migrants. His administration’s 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act[36] provided amnesty for over 3 million undocumented immigrants – the vast majority of them from Mexico and Central America – letting them become permanent legal residents.

The long, bipartisan history of dealing with immigrants harshly The immigration reform law enacted in 1986 gave thousands of migrant farm workers a pathway to citizenship. AP Photo[37]

The 1986 law also took major steps to toughen border security to deter future undocumented migration. Combining legalization with deterrence, Reagan hoped, would fix the nation’s immigration system[38] once and for all.

However, the law created no means of regulating future migration to the U.S. Economic turmoil in Mexico during the 1980s[39] and early 1990s – especially following the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement[40] – pushed more migrants north. As a result, millions more people[41] ended up living and working in the U.S. with few prospects for gaining legal status.

Clinton’s legacy

Aside from the complementary measures[42] adopted during the the first Bush presidency[43], no president since Reagan has signed legislation for another expansive amnesty for the undocumented. With few exceptions[44], immigration policies have become increasingly punitive with the passage of time.

More than any other president, Bill Clinton[45] paved the way for Trump’s plans to deport millions of undocumented families, terrify others into voluntarily departing and slash legal migration. During his 1996 reelection campaign, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act[46], one of the most draconian and far-reaching pieces of anti-immigration legislation in U.S. history.

The 1996 law eroded due process[47] for many migrants seeking asylum. It created a program[48] that enlists local law enforcement agencies into immigration enforcement. Critics of the program say it drives a wedge between the police and immigrant communities, interfering with law enforcement.

Following the law’s passage, deportation numbers soared[49], setting new records for the numbers of immigrants detained[50] during the Clinton, George W. Bush and Obama administrations.

‘Deporter-in-Chief’

Even as they inherited what immigrant rights advocates call a growing “deportation machine[51],” both George W. Bush and Barack Obama attempted to soften immigration policies.

The second President Bush accepted record numbers of refugees[52]. Obama created the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals[53] program to shield thousands of undocumented migrants who entered the country as children from deportation.

Yet, immigrants rights activists dubbed Obama “deporter in chief[54],” for having deported more immigrants than any president in history. So far, he retains this title because his administration deported more migrants per year than Trump[55].

Trump’s wider scope

Trump inherited an immigration system that left millions of undocumented people with few rights[56] and a militarized southern border[57]. But Trump has sharpened and hypercharged punitive immigration policies. By calling undocumented immigrants “animals[58]” and conjuring images of vermin who “infest[59]” this country, Trump has invoked racist rhetoric toward migrants[60] that no other president since the civil rights movement has used, at least not in public[61].

Beyond the humanitarian catastrophe[62] unfolding at the southern border, Trump axed Obama’s emphasis on deporting immigrants with serious criminal records[63] or who posed a national security threat. Instead, he has targeted people other presidents tried to protect, such as immigrant children[64], immigrants with no criminal record[65], those who fled major natural disasters[66], and U.S. citizens with undocumented loved ones[67].

The long, bipartisan history of dealing with immigrants harshly A Memorial Day protest against the deportation of U.S. military veterans in 2018 at the Bridge of Americas point of entry in Ciudad Juarez. Reuters/Jose Luis Gonzalez

The Trump administration has also widened the scope[68] of enforcement actions to include some newcomers who had already become U.S. citizens[69].

And despite Trump’s symbolic celebrations of the U.S military[70], the government is apparently stepping up the deportation[71] of noncitizen veterans[72] and moving to deport some active-duty service members[73] along with their families.

References

  1. ^ Muslim travel ban (theconversation.com)
  2. ^ family separation policy (theconversation.com)
  3. ^ Americans object (abcnews.go.com)
  4. ^ hardline immigration policies (www.theguardian.com)
  5. ^ their consequences (www.ucpress.edu)
  6. ^ scholar of U.S.-Latin American relations (scholar.google.com)
  7. ^ AP Photo (www.apimages.com)
  8. ^ inhumane (www.oig.dhs.gov)
  9. ^ cruel (www.usatoday.com)
  10. ^ national immigration quotas (history.state.gov)
  11. ^ Due to a belief in eugenics (www.nature.com)
  12. ^ most African Americans (historymatters.gmu.edu)
  13. ^ Chinese Americans (www.britannica.com)
  14. ^ immigrants from neighboring countries (blogs.loc.gov)
  15. ^ labor shortages (theconversation.com)
  16. ^ President Herbert Hoover (dx.doi.org)
  17. ^ large-scale deportation (unmpress.com)
  18. ^ 1929 and 1936 (www.theatlantic.com)
  19. ^ many of them U.S.-born citizens (www.colorlines.com)
  20. ^ Dorothea Lange (calisphere.org)
  21. ^ longstanding anti-Japanese attitudes (www.archives.gov)
  22. ^ remote internment camps (www.history.com)
  23. ^ Japanese Americans (encyclopedia.densho.org)
  24. ^ 200,000 Jewish refugees (theconversation.com)
  25. ^ Bracero program (braceroarchive.org)
  26. ^ immigration law abolished national quotas (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  27. ^ Operation Wetback (history.house.gov)
  28. ^ innumerable U.S.-born people (timeline.com)
  29. ^ hundreds of thousands (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov)
  30. ^ seeking asylum (theconversation.com)
  31. ^ changing eligibility criteria (theconversation.com)
  32. ^ application procedures (www.npr.org)
  33. ^ detention practices (www.npr.org)
  34. ^ U.S.-backed brutality (www.ucpress.edu)
  35. ^ economic migrants (www.migrationpolicy.org)
  36. ^ Immigration Reform and Control Act (www.countable.us)
  37. ^ AP Photo (www.apimages.com)
  38. ^ nation’s immigration system (www.vox.com)
  39. ^ during the 1980s (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
  40. ^ North American Free Trade Agreement (www.umich.edu)
  41. ^ millions more people (www.npr.org)
  42. ^ complementary measures (www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org)
  43. ^ Bush presidency (www.congress.gov)
  44. ^ few exceptions (www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org)
  45. ^ Bill Clinton (www.salon.com)
  46. ^ Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (cmsny.org)
  47. ^ eroded due process (www.vox.com)
  48. ^ a program (www.ilrc.org)
  49. ^ deportation numbers soared (www.axios.com)
  50. ^ records for the numbers of immigrants detained (www.themarshallproject.org)
  51. ^ deportation machine (www.unidosus.org)
  52. ^ accepted record numbers of refugees (www.thoughtco.com)
  53. ^ Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (www.factcheck.org)
  54. ^ deporter in chief (www.npr.org)
  55. ^ his administration deported more migrants per year than Trump (www.axios.com)
  56. ^ undocumented people with few rights (www.citylab.com)
  57. ^ militarized southern border (www.thenation.com)
  58. ^ animals (perma.cc)
  59. ^ infest (perma.cc)
  60. ^ racist rhetoric toward migrants (www.stanfordlawreview.org)
  61. ^ at least not in public (www.newsweek.com)
  62. ^ humanitarian catastrophe (slate.com)
  63. ^ serious criminal records (exchange.americanimmigrationcouncil.org)
  64. ^ immigrant children (www.npr.org)
  65. ^ immigrants with no criminal record (www.usatoday.com)
  66. ^ fled major natural disasters (www.americanprogress.org)
  67. ^ citizens with undocumented loved ones (publicintegrity.org)
  68. ^ widened the scope (www.buzzfeednews.com)
  69. ^ already become U.S. citizens (theconversation.com)
  70. ^ symbolic celebrations of the U.S military (www.bbc.com)
  71. ^ stepping up the deportation (psmag.com)
  72. ^ noncitizen veterans (www.gao.gov)
  73. ^ active-duty service members (www.militarytimes.com)

Authors: Anthony W. Fontes, Assistant Professor of Human Security, American University School of International Service

Read more http://theconversation.com/the-long-bipartisan-history-of-dealing-with-immigrants-harshly-119523

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

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