Trademark scholar says FUCT's victory at Supreme Court is a win for free speech
- Written by Megan M. Carpenter, Dean, University of New Hampshire
When is a brand too scandalous to register as a trademark[1]? According to the Supreme Court, there may be no such thing.
In a case that tested the constitutional limits of free speech, the high court struck down a ban[2] on registering “immoral” or “scandalous” words and symbols. The ruling[3] was 6-3.
As a trademark attorney and scholar[4], I believe the Supreme Court made the right call in forcing the government to stop enforcing an impossible-to-apply moral standard in trademark law – as it has in many other legal domains.
I attended the oral argument on April 15, when lawyers representing streetwear clothing label FUCT argued the company has a right[5] to register its brand as a trademark, which helps protect against copycats. The United States Patent and Trademark Office had rejected it[6] on the grounds that FUCT is “immoral” and “scandalous.”
Let me explain why the office got it wrong.
Brunetti wears a shirt depicting the FUCT logo.
Reuters/Patrick T. Fallon[7]
An outlaw ethos
It is perhaps appropriate that this case arose from a streetwear label famous for testing the limits.
While it’s commonplace today for clothing labels to adopt a provocative ethos and image, FUCT founder Erik Brunetti was a trailblazer of edgy streetwear fashion[8] when he started the company[9] in 1990. The name was meant to embody the company’s outlaw image – a corporate-looking logo with an anti-authoritarian pronunciation and subversive message.
A popular style involved prints of the brand name in the font style of the Ford logo, which can be found on T-shirts[10] and hats[11]. The brand quickly became a cultural icon, with its gear worn by skateboarders, punk rockers and even members of the band Nirvana[12].
As the popularity of the label grew, it engendered fake FUCT merchandise. In order to protect his mark more effectively around the world, Brunetti applied to register[13] it with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in 2011.
Trademark registration confers significant benefits[14], including nationwide protection from confusingly similar products, enhanced monetary damages in litigation and priority for foreign filings. It also enables U.S. Customs agents to stop counterfeit goods from entering at the border.
In rejecting Brunetti’s application, examiners argued he ran afoul of a more than century-old provision in trademark law.
‘Offensive to the conscience’
The prohibition on registration of immoral and scandalous trademarks has been in existence since Congress passed the Trademark Act of 1905[15]. It says any mark that “consists of or comprises immoral or scandalous matter” will be rejected.
Today, scandalous is defined[16] as “shocking to the sense of propriety, offensive to the conscience or moral feelings or calling out for condemnation.”
I and other scholars have long questioned the wisdom[17] of having the trademark office as an arbiter of a collective and ever-evolving moral standard. That’s because trademarks serve a valuable function[18] in the marketplace by identifying the source of a good or service, helping consumers trust where something they buy comes from and preventing deception.
What matters is source quality – not moral quality.
And because the prohibition affects registration but not use, I have found that it is ineffective[19] at keeping offensive trademarks out of the marketplace. In addition, decisions based on this provision are wildly inconsistent.
FCUK brand clothing was approved long before FUCT.
Reuters/Marc Serota[20]
If FCUK is fine, why not FUCT?
While the U.S. has moved away[21] from regulating morality in other areas such as broadcasting – and in other forms of intellectual property such as copyrights and patents – the government continues to do so when it comes to granting valuable legal rights[22] through trademark registration.
The primary evidence used by examiners to determine whether to reject a mark on these grounds is the dictionary[23]. If a dictionary indicates that a term is “vulgar,” that is sufficient evidence to reject a mark.
Trademark examiners evaluate the meaning of a mark in the context of the current attitudes of the day. For example, in 1938, the trademark office rejected[24] a request to trademark Madonna as a wine brand on grounds that the word is religious in nature. A half-century later, the office apparently no longer had a problem with granting such trademarks when it approved one[25] for Madonna rosé wine.
Since the perception of what is and isn’t scandalous is constantly changing, it’s difficult for the trademark office to keep up. And trademarks that are considered scandalous or immoral to one examiner may be acceptable to another.
As a result, the trademark office records are rife with inconsistencies[26]. In recent years, examiners have approved trademarks[27] containing words such as “whore,” “bitch,” “penis” and “pothead” while rejecting others with the same terms.
And the office has even approved clothing trademarks remarkably similar to FUCT, including FCUK, the F word and Fvck Street Wear.
In the case of FUCT, the rejection was based on the idea that the homonym would be perceived as equivalent[28] to the vulgar word it sounds like.
A terrible message
Two years ago, the Supreme Court cited the First Amendment in striking down[29] a prohibition against trademark registration for marks that disparage[30] individuals or groups.
That case arose when Simon Tam sought to register the name[31] of his Asian American dance rock band, “The Slants,” as a trademark. The Supreme Court held that trademarks are private – not government – speech, and an examiner may not refuse to register trademarks based on the particular viewpoint the trademarks express. This case considered whether “scandalous” and “immoral” trademarks also discriminate on the basis of viewpoint.
In the FUCT case, several justices expressed concern that allowing trademark registration of offensive terms could be perceived as some sort of government endorsement of that language. Fortunately, however, a majority disagreed.
Trademark law shouldn’t police morality. It is terrible at doing so.
This is an updated version of an article originally published on April 23, 2019.
References
- ^ trademark (www.uspto.gov)
- ^ high court struck down a ban (www.npr.org)
- ^ ruling (www.scotusblog.com)
- ^ trademark attorney and scholar (scholar.google.com)
- ^ argued the company has a right (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ rejected it (www.npr.org)
- ^ Reuters/Patrick T. Fallon (pictures.reuters.com)
- ^ trailblazer of edgy streetwear fashion (www.gq.com)
- ^ he started the company (www.grailed.com)
- ^ T-shirts (www.defunkd.com)
- ^ hats (www.google.com)
- ^ members of the band Nirvana (www.pinterest.com)
- ^ Brunetti applied to register (www.abajournal.com)
- ^ confers significant benefits (www.uspto.gov)
- ^ passed the Trademark Act of 1905 (www.ipmall.info)
- ^ is defined (tmep.uspto.gov)
- ^ have long questioned the wisdom (kb.osu.edu)
- ^ serve a valuable function (heinonline.org)
- ^ it is ineffective (scholars.unh.edu)
- ^ Reuters/Marc Serota (pictures.reuters.com)
- ^ has moved away (www.jstor.org)
- ^ valuable legal rights (freibrun.com)
- ^ dictionary (ssrn.com)
- ^ trademark office rejected (casetext.com)
- ^ it approved one (tmsearch.uspto.gov)
- ^ are rife with inconsistencies (ssrn.com)
- ^ have approved trademarks (www.uspto.gov)
- ^ would be perceived as equivalent (www.supremecourt.gov)
- ^ in striking down (www.npr.org)
- ^ trademark registration for marks that disparage (theconversation.com)
- ^ sought to register the name (theconversation.com)
Authors: Megan M. Carpenter, Dean, University of New Hampshire
