What advice articles miss about 'summer loss'

When the end of the school year arrives, internet articles and morning talk shows sound the annual alarm about preventing summer learning loss. They advise parents to purchase hot new reads for their children^[1], take them to museums^[2], and sign them up for science camp^[3].

As a literacy educator^[4] for the past 27 years – and the parent of two teenagers – I’ve tried many of these recommendations myself. (Ask my son about the library reading programs I signed him up for, and wait for the groan.) I understand why such tips are appealing. Who doesn’t want young people to spend their summers more productively than sleeping and playing Fortnite^[5]? But it’s high time we question the assumptions baked into our thinking about the so-called “summer slide.”

Let me tell you why.

The summer slide is real, but …

It’s hard to blame parents for anxiety about summer loss given a century’s worth of research^[6] that shows young people can lose up to several months’ worth of school-year learning over summer break. Studies also show older students have greater gaps^[7] than younger students, and summer loss is greatest for low-income students^[8]. These findings are worrisome.

At the same time, it’s important to recognize that concerns about summer loss are grounded in an idea that learning is linear and that students’ gains or losses are best measured by performance on achievement tests^[9]. Any gaps these tests reveal need to be considered with caution.

The loss-prevention recommendations themselves also reflect some problematic biases. Parents and caregivers from all walks of life find ways to support their children’s growth and development^[10]. But many ideas suggested for stemming summer setback assume an audience with disposable income, employment flexibility and English fluency that not all families have.

For example, tracing shadows every two hours from breakfast to dinner^[11] is easier for a parent with the means to stay home than a working parent. Suggesting that families who can’t afford summer camps create their own using online resources^[12] ignores variation in parental education, literacy levels and technology access. Such disregard of social class differences is particularly concerning since many summer-loss articles are thinly veiled advertisements for commercial products^[13] and programs^[14].

Also troubling is the assumption that families, not educators, should promote learning in specialized areas such as mathematics, reading and science. Although families from all walks of life promote varied kinds of learning in everyday life^[15], most parents lack preparation to address academic subjects, and their year-round obligations don’t end just because school is out for their offspring.

Summer gains for all

Given these complexities, I believe that solutions to the summer slide should not fall predominantly on students and their families. Instead, schools must step up to design summer-learning supports responsive to community needs. These might be home-based initiatives, such as the one created by Richard Allington and colleagues^[16], where students’ selection and ownership of 12 free books yielded small but significant gains in reading, particularly for students from the least-advantaged families.

Schools might also offer no- or low-cost programs on site that combine interest-driven academics^[17] with a mix of enrichment activities such as dance, drama, or meditation. Summer school can be much more than the retaking of failed courses^[18].

Research suggests parents would take advantage of these programs if they were offered. The National Summer Learning Association found that 51 percent of families not participating in a summer program would do so if one were available^[19]. Cost is often a factor. For instance, the association found that of families that pay for summer programming, the average cost was $288 per week per child^[20].

I have seen first-hand what can happen when summer is viewed as a time to test innovations that promote learning for all, teachers and students alike, rather than an opportunity to “fix” some children stereotyped as deficient^[21].

For four years, I served as director of a summer writing institute meant to ease middle schoolers’ transition to high school. The three-week program was free, open to all students slated to attend a local high school in the fall, and drew its staff from volunteers committed to continuous professional improvement. Students pursued individual and collaborative projects in both print and digital forms. Guest authors from the community spoke about how and why they write. Teachers worked together to construct plans responsive to students’ varying needs.

My research within the institute^[22] suggests that students valued interacting with peers from diverse backgrounds and abilities around topics of interest. It also suggests that families valued a high-quality learning experience for their children that didn’t duplicate the school curriculum, take the whole summer or require extra effort from them. Teachers valued collaborating with peers to design a strengths-based writing program tailored to the local community.

To be sure, programs like the writing institute require considerably more time and money than sending home a one-page menu of suggestions for families. But if such programs engage students without stigmatizing them and help teachers refine their craft, that investment could be well worth it.

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References

1. ^{^} purchase hot new reads for their children (www.today.com)
2. ^{^} take them to museums (ced.ncsu.edu)
3. ^{^} sign them up for science camp (www.northernvirginiamag.com)
4. ^{^} literacy educator (soe.syr.edu)
5. ^{^} playing Fortnite (theconversation.com)
6. ^{^} a century’s worth of research (www.brookings.edu)
7. ^{^} older students have greater gaps (journals.sagepub.com)
8. ^{^} summer loss is greatest for low-income students (www.rand.org)
9. ^{^} performance on achievement tests (journals.sagepub.com)
10. ^{^} find ways to support their children’s growth and development (www.tcpress.com)
11. ^{^} tracing shadows every two hours from breakfast to dinner (ced.ncsu.edu)
12. ^{^} create their own using online resources (www.parentingscience.com)
13. ^{^} products (www.nwea.org)
14. ^{^} programs (www.idtech.com)
15. ^{^} promote varied kinds of learning in everyday life (www.jstor.org)
16. ^{^} the one created by Richard Allington and colleagues (www.tandfonline.com)
17. ^{^} combine interest-driven academics (www.rand.org)
18. ^{^} failed courses (eric.ed.gov)
19. ^{^} would do so if one were available (www.summerlearning.org)
20. ^{^} $288 per week per child (www.summerlearning.org)
21. ^{^} to “fix” some children stereotyped as deficient (www.jstor.org)
22. ^{^} My research within the institute (www.hepg.org)
23. ^{^} Thanks for reading! We can send you The Conversation’s stories every day in an informative email. Sign up today. (theconversation.com)