Philly schools are in disrepair − the municipal bond market is 1 big reason
- Written by David I. Backer, Associate Professor of Education Policy, West Chester University of Pennsylvania
References
- ^ The Conversation (www.canva.com)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ terrible shape (www.inquirer.com)
- ^ over 120 years old (www.nbcphiladelphia.com)
- ^ lack of air conditioning (whyy.org)
- ^ untreated asbestos (www.inquirer.com)
- ^ mold (www.chalkbeat.org)
- ^ crumbling ceilings (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ flooded hallways (www.chalkbeat.org)
- ^ school finance, with an emphasis on infrastructure (scholar.google.com)
- ^ Camika Royal (scholar.google.com)
- ^ Philadelphia schools (hep.gse.harvard.edu)
- ^ Only 43 cents of every dollar (doi.org)
- ^ Our analysis (doi.org)
- ^ Journal of Educational Administration and History (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ Massachusetts and Wyoming (eric.ed.gov)
- ^ defunded in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis (www.researchforaction.org)
- ^ Public School Facility Improvement Grant Program (dced.pa.gov)
- ^ $7 billion for repairs and upgrades (whyy.org)
- ^ municipal bonds (www.investopedia.com)
- ^ Investors purchase these municipal bonds (www.nasact.org)
- ^ Tax Reform Act (www.congress.gov)
- ^ the savings and loan crisis (www.federalreservehistory.org)
- ^ state budgets to contract nationally by 5% (www.google.com)
- ^ predatory investing strategies (heinonline.org)
- ^ deregulating the kinds of bonds that local governments could sell (www.legis.state.pa.us)
- ^ Pennsylvania took control (www.chalkbeat.org)
- ^ $330 million loss (keystoneresearch.org)
- ^ National Infrastructure Bank (www.nibcoalition.com)
- ^ Green New Deal for Schools (www.congress.gov)
Authors: David I. Backer, Associate Professor of Education Policy, West Chester University of Pennsylvania