A memorial in Yiddish, Italian and English tells the stories of Triangle Shirtwaist fire victims − testament not only to tragedy but to immigrant women's fight to remake labor laws

Trapped behind locked doors, some workers saw no escape but the windows. Hulton Archive/Getty Images^[4]

Firemen were left to stack the lifeless bodies on the sidewalk^[5]. The vast majority were girls or young women: meagerly paid laborers, and most of them Jewish or Italian immigrants.

On Oct. 11, 2023, the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition dedicated a striking memorial^[6] at the site of this tragedy. The initial installation features a stainless steel ribbon extending in two parallel strands along the ground floor, displaying victims’ names and survivors’ testimony, written in their native languages: English, Yiddish and Italian. Over the next few months, another gently twisting ribbon traveling from the window sill of the ninth floor to the ground level and back up again will be added.

The memorial offers a bold and graceful reminder not only of the fire but of its imprint on the world we inhabit today.

When I asked the students in my history class at the University of Michigan if they had heard of the Triangle fire, I was shocked to see almost all raise their hands. Many were familiar with how the disaster inspired the growth of labor activism^[7] and worker protections. Few of them, however, had thought about the central role of American Jewish women, the focus of my research^[8].

Demonstrators from Local 25 and the United Hebrew Trades of New York mourn fire victims. PhotoQuest/Getty Images^[9]

Tense 2 years

Only two years before the fire, a walkout over working conditions at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory had sparked a series of labor actions that culminated in the Uprising of the 20,000^[10], the largest American women’s strike^[11] ever.

That disciplined activism was led by a small cadre of young Jewish immigrant working-class women^[12]. Years earlier, they had essentially created a branch of their own – Local 25 – within the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. Their example led to a surge of strikes nationwide and forced the labor movement to finally take the needs of unskilled workers and women workers seriously.

The Triangle bosses^[13] and other owners hired thugs to assault strike leaders and picketers. The police likewise felt free to beat the picketers^[14], which only abated when upper-class partners in the Women’s Trade Union League joined the picket lines^[15] – raising fear among the police that they might be striking society matrons.

Suffragettes and socialites attend a dinner held by Mrs. Martin Littleton in support of the striking workers, circa 1910. Paul Thompson/FPG/Archive Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images^[16]

The Triangle Factory was among the 339 shops that “settled” with the union^[17] in February 1910, with concessions that included higher wages, a 52-hour week, four paid holidays per year and a promise to no longer discriminate against union members.

The strikers’ call for better safety standards^[18], however, had been ignored^[19] by the male union representatives and owners who had worked out the settlement.

Moral force

Local 25 grew from a few hundred to 10,000 members over the course of the 1909-10 strike^[20]. That organizing prowess would be seen again in the wave of protest and indignation that followed the 1911 fire.

The unions’ strength^[21] could be seen in the funeral march^[22] that accompanied the fire’s seven unidentified victims to a municipal burying ground, as a crowd of 400,000 assembled to march or watch the procession^[23].

The power of the activists’ moral indignation^[24] emerged in full force at a memorial meeting held a few days later. Workers grew restive as wealthy philanthropists, city officials and liberal reformers promised investigatory commissions – which they feared would mean little real change.

Feminist and union labor activist Rose Schneiderman. Interim Archives/Getty Images^[25]

Rose Schneiderman^[26], one of the working-class immigrant labor activists^[27] who had helped organize the 1909 strike, was also on the platform. Reformer Frances Perkins^[28], who would soon become a close ally, noted Schneiderman trembling over the loss of comrades, friends and co-workers^[29].

Schneiderman took the podium, excoriating the industry’s brutality and focusing on the unrealized power of the workers themselves. “I would be a traitor to those poor burned bodies,” she declared^[30], “if I were to come here to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the public – and we have found you wanting.”

“I know from experience it is up to the working class to save themselves,” Schneiderman told the audience.

Birth of the New Deal

Yet the working class ended up needing allies like Perkins, who was instrumental in establishing a citizens’ Committee on Safety, and then a legislative Factory Investigating Commission^[31] as well.

On the day of the fire, Perkins had been enjoying tea at a friend’s house on Washington Square and rushed toward the commotion across the park, arriving on the scene to see bodies falling from the sky. That scene and Schneiderman’s speech left an indelible impression on her^[32] – as they did on many New Yorkers.

For several reasons, including public outcry about the fire, this was the moment when New York City’s political machine began to shift its focus and address workers’ needs^[33]. Schneiderman and other activists worked with Perkins on investigations that led to the overhaul of New York’s safety and labor laws^[34], such as a 54-hour maximum work week^[35].

New York City commemorated the 108th anniversary of the fire in 2019. Spencer Platt/Getty Images^[36]

The young women whose pain had galvanized public response continued their union work, traveling around the country to help organize many of the strikes their activism inspired. Some also made an impact at the governmental level. Schneiderman became a close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt and influenced her views on workers’ needs^[37], as well as those of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Perkins became President Roosevelt’s secretary of labor in 1933 and was the first woman to serve in a U.S. cabinet position. She brought the New York reforms born in the wake of the fire into the New Deal^[38], the slew of social programs the Roosevelt administration introduced to help Americans struggling through the Great Depression.

Schneiderman, too, had a role: the only woman to serve on the New Deal’s Labor Advisory Board. As Perkins later recalled, the day of the Triangle fire was “the day the New Deal was born^[39].”

For 112 years, the victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory have called out silently from the sidewalks and window frames of the Brown Building, which is now part of New York University’s campus. The new memorial calls on the passersby to stop, note and honor that one horrific half-hour, etched indelibly into the story of the city and the nation.

Authors: Karla Goldman, Professor of Social Work and Judaic Studies, University of Michigan

Read more https://theconversation.com/a-memorial-in-yiddish-italian-and-english-tells-the-stories-of-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-victims-testament-not-only-to-tragedy-but-to-immigrant-womens-fight-to-remake-labor-laws-211591

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