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  • Written by Chad Hecht, Research and Operations Meteorologist, Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, University of California, San Diego
Epic snow from all those atmospheric rivers in the West is starting to melt, and the flood danger is rising

To get a sense of the enormous amount of water atmospheric rivers dumped on the Western U.S. this year and the magnitude of the flood risk ahead, take a look at California’s Central Valley, where about a quarter of the nation’s food[1] is grown.

This region was once home to the largest freshwater lake west of the Rockies. But the rivers that fed Tulare Lake were dammed and diverted[2] long ago, leaving it nearly dry by 1920. Farmers have been growing food on the fertile lake bed for decades.

This year, however, Tulare Lake is remerging[3]. Runoff and snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada have overwhelmed waterways and flooded farms and orchards. After similar storms in 1983, the lake covered more than 100 square miles[4], and scientists say this year’s precipitation is looking a lot like 1983. Communities there and across the West are preparing for flooding and mudslide disasters as record snow[5] begins to melt.

Satellite images show farmland with only a few small lakes in early March, then a larger lake covering that farmland by early April.
Tulare Lake, long dry, begins to reemerge in March 2023 as flood water spreads across farm fields. NASA Earth Observatory[6]

We asked Chad Hecht, a meteorologist with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the University of California San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, how 2023’s storms compare to past extremes and what to expect in the future.

How extreme were this year’s atmospheric rivers?

California averages about 44 atmospheric rivers a year, but typically, only about six of them are strong storms that contribute most of the annual precipitation total and cause the kind of flooding we’ve seen this year.

This year, in a three-week window from about Dec. 27, 2022, to Jan. 17, 2023, we saw nine atmospheric rivers make landfall, five of them categorized as strong[7] or greater magnitude. That’s how active it’s been, and that was only the beginning.

Map of where atmospheric rivers arrived through the end of March 2023
Where atmospheric rivers hit during the first half of the 2023 water year, which started Oct. 1. The arrows show where the storms were strongest, but their impact reached far wider. Center For Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography[8]

In all, the state experienced 31 atmospheric rivers through the end of March: one extreme, six strong, 13 moderate and 11 weak. And other storms in between gave the Southern Sierra one of its wettest Marches on record.

These storms don’t just affect California. Their precipitation[9] has pushed the snow-water equivalent levels well above average across much of the West[10], including in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and the mountains of western Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.

Snow water equivalent is a measure of the water in snowpack. Many basins across the West were well over 200% of average in 2023. NRCS/USDA[11]

In terms of records, the big numbers this year were in California’s Southern Sierra Nevada. The region has had 11 moderate atmospheric rivers – double the average of 5.5 – and an additional four strong ones.

Overall, California has about double its normal snowpack[12], and some locations have experienced more than double the number of strong atmospheric rivers it typically sees. The result is that Northern Sierra snow water content is 197% of normal. The central region is 238% of normal, and the Southern Sierra is 296% of normal.

What risks does all that snow in the mountains create?

There is a lot of snow[13] in the Sierra Nevada, and it is going to come off the mountains at some point. It’s possible we are going to be looking at snowmelt into late June or July in California, and that’s far into summer for here.

Flooding is certainly a possibility. The closest year for comparison in terms of the amount of snow would be 1983, when the average statewide snow water content was 60.3 inches in May. That was a rough year[14], with flooding and mudslides[15] in several parts of the West[16] and extensive crop damage.

This year, portions of the Southern Sierra Nevada have passed 1983’s levels, and Tulare Lake[17] is filling up again for the first time in decades[18]. Tulare Lake is an indication of just how extreme this year has been, and the risk is rising as the snow melts.

The transition from extreme drought in 2022 to record snow was fast. Is that normal?

California and some other parts of the West are known for weather whiplash. We frequently go from too dry to too wet.

2019 was another above-average year in terms of precipitation in California, but after that we saw three straight years of drought[19]. We went from 13 strong or greater magnitude atmospheric rivers in 2017 to just three in 2020 and 2021, combined.

Map showing well-above average precipitation across California, Nevada and Utah in particular.
The onslaught of powerful atmospheric rivers pushed precipitation to well above average across large parts of the West in 2023, following three years of severe drought. Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography[20]

California relies on these storms for about half its water supply[21], but if the West gets too many atmospheric rivers back to back, that starts to have harmful impacts, like the heavy snowpack that collapsed roofs[22] in the mountains this year, and flash flooding[23] and landslides[24]. These successive storms are typically referred to as atmospheric river families[25] and can result in exacerbated hydrologic impacts by quickly saturating soils and not allowing rivers and streams to recede back to base flow between storms.

Are atmospheric rivers becoming more intense with a warming climate?

There’s been a lot of research[26] on the impact of temperature because of how reliant California is on these storms for its water supply.

Atmospheric rivers are long, narrow corridors of water vapor in the sky that typically start in the tropics[27] as water evaporates and is pulled poleward by atmospheric circulations. They carry a lot of moisture – on average, their water vapor transport is more than twice the flow of the Amazon River[28]. When they reach land, mountains force the air to rise[29], which wrings out some of that moisture.

In a warming climate, the warmer air can hold more moisture. That can increase the capacity of atmospheric rivers, with more water vapor resulting in stronger storms.

An animation shows two atmospheric rivers moving across the Pacific Ocean from the tropics.
An example of an atmospheric river approaching the West Coast. Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison[30]

Research by some of my colleagues at Scripps Institution of Oceanography also suggests that California will see fewer storms that aren’t atmospheric rivers[31]. But the state will likely see more intense atmospheric rivers[32] as temperatures rise. California will be even more reliant on these atmospheric rivers for its snow, which will result in drier dries and wetter wets.

So, we’re likely to see this whiplash continue, but to a more extreme level, with longer periods of dry weather when we’re not getting these storms. But when we do get these storms, they have the potential to be more extreme and then result in more flooding.

In the more immediate future, we’re likely headed into an El Niño[33] this year, with warm tropical Pacific waters that shift weather patterns around the world. Typically, El Niño conditions are associated with more atmospheric river activity, especially in Central and Southern California.

So, we may see another wet year like this again in 2024.

References

  1. ^ a quarter of the nation’s food (ca.water.usgs.gov)
  2. ^ dammed and diverted (sarahamooneymuseum.org)
  3. ^ Tulare Lake is remerging (earthobservatory.nasa.gov)
  4. ^ more than 100 square miles (www.upi.com)
  5. ^ record snow (www.drought.gov)
  6. ^ NASA Earth Observatory (earthobservatory.nasa.gov)
  7. ^ categorized as strong (doi.org)
  8. ^ Center For Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (cw3e.ucsd.edu)
  9. ^ precipitation (www.nrcs.usda.gov)
  10. ^ well above average across much of the West (www.nrcs.usda.gov)
  11. ^ NRCS/USDA (www.nrcs.usda.gov)
  12. ^ double its normal snowpack (cdec.water.ca.gov)
  13. ^ a lot of snow (www.kcra.com)
  14. ^ rough year (www.pressdemocrat.com)
  15. ^ flooding and mudslides (www.washingtonpost.com)
  16. ^ several parts of the West (www.sltrib.com)
  17. ^ Tulare Lake (www.latimes.com)
  18. ^ first time in decades (www.cnbc.com)
  19. ^ three straight years of drought (droughtmonitor.unl.edu)
  20. ^ Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (cw3e.ucsd.edu)
  21. ^ about half its water supply (water.ca.gov)
  22. ^ collapsed roofs (kslnewsradio.com)
  23. ^ flash flooding (youtu.be)
  24. ^ landslides (www.cbsnews.com)
  25. ^ atmospheric river families (cw3e.ucsd.edu)
  26. ^ a lot of research (theconversation.com)
  27. ^ typically start in the tropics (www.usgs.gov)
  28. ^ twice the flow of the Amazon River (doi.org)
  29. ^ force the air to rise (www.noaa.gov)
  30. ^ Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison (tropic.ssec.wisc.edu)
  31. ^ see fewer storms that aren’t atmospheric rivers (doi.org)
  32. ^ more intense atmospheric rivers (doi.org)
  33. ^ headed into an El Niño (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)

Authors: Chad Hecht, Research and Operations Meteorologist, Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, University of California, San Diego

Read more https://theconversation.com/epic-snow-from-all-those-atmospheric-rivers-in-the-west-is-starting-to-melt-and-the-flood-danger-is-rising-203874

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